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PARP1 Stabilizes CTCF Binding and Chromatin Structure to Maintain Epstein Barr Virus Latency Type

ABSTRACT: Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is a potentially oncogenic gammaherpesvirus that establishes a chronic, latent infection in memory B cells. The EBV genome persists in infected host cells as a chromatinized episome and is subject to chromatin-mediated regulation. Binding of the host insulator protein CTCF to the EBV genome has an established role in maintaining viral latency type. CTCF is post-translationally modified by the host enzyme PARP1. PARP1, or Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, catalyzes the transfer of a poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) moiety from NAD+ onto acceptor proteins including itself, histone proteins, and CTCF. PARylation of CTCF by PARP1 can affect CTCF’s insulator activity, DNA binding capacity, and ability to form chromatin loops. Both PARP1 and CTCF have been implicated in the regulation of EBV latency and lytic reactivation. Thus, we predicted that pharmacological inhibition with PARP1 inhibitors would affect EBV latency type through a chromatin-specific mechanism. Here, we show that PARP1 and CTCF colocalize at specific sites throughout the EBV genome, and provide evidence to suggest that PARP1 acts to stabilize CTCF binding and maintain the open chromatin landscape at the active Cp promoter during type III latency. Further, PARP1 activity is important in maintaining latency type-specific viral gene expression. The data presented here provide a rationale for the use of PARP inhibitors in the treatment of EBV-associated cancers exhibiting type III latency, and could ultimately contribute to an EBV-specific treatment strategy for AIDS-related or post-transplant lymphomas.

ORGANISM(S): human gammaherpesvirus 4

PROVIDER: GSE115829 | GEO | 2018/06/27

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes life-long latency in human B-cells by maintaining its chromatinized episomes within the nucleus. These circularized mini-chromosomes do not integrate into the host genome. Therefore, it is essential for EBV to organize its chromatin in a manner suitable for genomic stability, DNA replication, and efficient gene expression. Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP1) activity is significantly higher in B-cells infected with EBV than those without, and considerably higher in the transcriptionally active type III latency compared to the immunoevasive type I. In addition to its role in DNA damage response, PARP1 has been implicated in transcriptional regulation and structural maintenance of both the human and EBV genome at specific regions. To better understand PARP1's role in the regulation of the EBV episome, we have functionally characterized the effect of PARP enzymatic inhibition on total episomal structure through in situ Hi-C mapping, generating the first complete 3D structure of the EBV genome. We have also mapped intragenomic contact changes after PARP inhibition to global binding of the chromatin looping factors CTCF and cohesin across the EBV genome. Additionally, PARP inhibition was shown to alter gene expression at the regions where chromatin looping was most effected. Finally, we have identified a novel function of PARP, which regulates cohesin complex chromatin binding. In conclusion, PARP1 inhibition does not alter the location of cohesin binding but does increase its frequency of binding at these regions. Despite this, there are fewer overall unique intragenomic interactions after PARP inhibition, while some areas have new chromatin loops not seen in the untreated EBV episome, leading us to conclude that PARP does have an essential role in the regulation of global EBV chromatin structure. The altered expression profile after the structural rearrangement induced by PARP inhibition also supports the idea that PARP1 helps maintain EBV latency programs.

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PARP1 Stabilizes CTCF Binding and Chromatin Structure to Maintain Epstein Barr Virus Latency Type

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