biostudies-literatureUnknown13(1)Ranilla MJAn in vitro trial was carried out to investigate the effects of natural Thymbra capitata essential oil (NEO) and its main compounds [including carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene given alone or in a synthetic combination (SEO)] on ruminal fermentation and the bacterial community using batch cultures inoculated with ruminal digesta and incubating two different basal diets [high-forage (F) and high-concentrate (C) diet]. After 24 h of incubation, primary fermentation end-products [gas, methane, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia] and rumen microbial diversity were determined. NEO reduced the total VFA concentration (P < 0.05) only in the C diet. In contrast, SEO and carvacrol decreased the total VFA concentration (P < 0.05) only in the F diet. Methane production was not affected (P > 0.05)Scientific reports4153https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC10011596biostudies-literatureEffects of Thymbra capitata essential oil on in vitro fermentation end-products and ruminal bacterial communities.PMC10011596Saro CPereira DCeciliani FGini CGiraldez FJKsouri RBiscarini FAndres SLopez SCremonesi PRanilla MJMartin AAbdennebi-Najar LCastiglioni BFalleh HMateos IfalseEffects of Thymbra capitata essential oil on in vitro fermentation end-products and ruminal bacterial communities.An in vitro trial was carried out to investigate the effects of natural Thymbra capitata essential oil (NEO) and its main compounds [including carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene given alone or in a synthetic combination (SEO)] on ruminal fermentation and the bacterial community using batch cultures inoculated with ruminal digesta and incubating two different basal diets [high-forage (F) and high-concentrate (C) diet]. After 24 h of incubation, primary fermentation end-products [gas, methane, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia] and rumen microbial diversity were determined. NEO reduced the total VFA concentration (P < 0.05) only in the C diet. In contrast, SEO and carvacrol decreased the total VFA concentration (P < 0.05) only in the F diet. Methane production was not affected (P > 0.05)2023-01-01T00:00:00Z2023 Mar2026-06-03T16:49:58.513Z2025-04-19T05:37:02.493ZS-EPMC100115963691473610.1038/s41598-023-31370-9