biostudies-literatureUnknown29(4)O'Hearn MThe global burden of diet-attributable type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not well established. This risk assessment model estimated T2D incidence among adults attributable to direct and body weight-mediated effects of 11 dietary factors in 184 countries in 1990 and 2018. In 2018, suboptimal intake of these dietary factors was estimated to be attributable to 14.1 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 13.8-14.4 million) incident T2D cases, representing 70.3% (68.8-71.8%) of new cases globally. Largest T2D burdens were attributable to insufficient whole-grain intake (26.1% (25.0-27.1%)), excess refined rice and wheat intake (24.6% (22.3-27.2%)) and excess processed meat intake (20.3% (18.3-23.5%)). Across regions, highest proportional burdens were in central and eastern Europe and central Asia (85.6Nature medicine982-995https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC10115653biostudies-literatureIncident type 2 diabetes attributable to suboptimal diet in 184 countries.PMC10115653Chiplonkar SDommarco JRYakes-Jimenez EZaghloul STrichopoulos DSundram KAl-Hamad NHenjum SMyhre JDuleva VTsugane SJeewon RHadziomeragic AMaghroun MThanopoulou ASkeaff SJanakiram CRahbar ARMwanza SNoshad SArlappa NAbbott PBoindala SInoue MKally OAlissa EAli JHPourfarzi FDelgado EGSette SAdair LAl-Zenki SRovirosa AMathee ASabico SOduor FBonaccio MSanchez-Romero LMRajkumar HChan MFHenry CKovalskys IMiller VStuetz WSelamat RHaerpfer Cde Brauw ASteingrimsdottir LSipinen JPNgoan LTHoushiar-Rad ASalanave BWieler LNicolau ABaykova DManan WKhan USArsenault JDastgiri SGarriguet DPosada LElmadfa ITurrini ALacoviello LKoster JAsciak RTudorie CKweon SKruger HNg SWHjdaud ZCao XVollenweider PHwalla NCHsieh YTLuke ADing ELAguero SDErsino GVossenaar MJohansson LCapanzana MKim CIZapata MEvan Oosterhout CO'Hearn MMusaiger ABiro LBarbieri HEOcke MBalfour DNikiema LMozaffarian DKoksal EAl-Hooti SPreston AMChen YMarques-Vidal PEleraky LMensink GManary MCalleja NSharma SFarzadfar FSiengsounthone LFreese RGulliford MSuarez-Ortegon MFLuangphaxay CMohammadi-Nasrabadi FSzabo MSilva IRLara-Castor LLaxmaiah ALi YBundhamcharoen KIkeda NTayyem RMemon AKuriyan-Raj RIllescas-Zarate DSevero MLunet NFernando DStrand TMeyer APiccinelli RAnzid KMohammadifard NBoedecker JPolasa KNaska AMarques LLSerra-Majem LAnderson SSibai AMMa YOvaskainen MLMartin-Prevel YZohoori FVCastetbon KBradshaw DJordan IJonsdottir OCaballero MSioen IHuybrechts IWaswa LMAbedi PBukania ZMazumdar PRoos ELee HJRichter Ade Moura Souza AKhadilkar AFadzil FWong JBKhouw IOtero JRybak CChang HYEldridge AVaask SEl-Kour TCudhea FBas MHoffman DLai YNothlings UOleas MAl-Daghri NSawada NLemming EWMahdy ZALiputo NIRangelova LMa GDamasceno AMwangi MMirzaei MEkbote VZhang JShi PRachakulla HCastro MLe Nguyen Bao KMalekzadeh RGaspoz JMHambidge KMTermote CRehm CVeerman JLSiamusantu WMarchioni DGeleijnse JMNsour MALupotto ELing AShimony TAbumweis SMeshram ILanerolle PDuante CJitnarin NSwaminathan SReedy JMoy FMAlam ICostanzo SEsteghamati ALee MSZarina KDe Henauw SPalacios CSarrafzadegan NBovet PKrishnan AMastiholi SCHashemian MNurk ESekiyama MLong JMArambepola CCarmikle JTedstone AAgdeppa IALeclercq CTedla BKelishadi RErkkola MBukhary NBIMoraeus LAvula LIbrahim HMRiley LTorres DPan WHSzponar LEtemad ZWaskiewicz ACowan MJayawardena RYap MKorkalo LDon RRodriguez-Ramirez SAsayehu TTNelis KMirmiran PHakeem RFernandez APoh BKGlobal Dietary DatabaseGoldsmith RGunnarsdottir IAluso LMitchell CGinnela BKeinan-Boker LMicha RHemalatha ROlivares SSinkko HHung SYZello GTapanainen HNagalla BOchoa ANg SATrichopoulou AVartiainen EWu SZeba ANKrebs NFDesnacido JHaque ADiba TSChileshe JLukito WHadden WPanagiotakos DMisra PCho YPitsavos CRojroongwasinkul NGuessous ITejeda GFisberg RPekcan GOrfanos PBeer-Borst SPark SThorsdottir IKombe YEl Ati JMisra AKandiah MDeRidder KKarupaiah TGravel RArici MGauci DYusof SLachat CBarquera SPiaseu NKeding GBBergman POh KAbdollahi MVirtanen SSwan GTempleton RHopping BRached IBecker WWaidyatilaka IMoursi MZugravu CAOrtiz-Ulloa JPakseresht MGrosso GSandjaja SShariff ZMEconomos CDOdenkirk JLopes CBarengo NJanska VSygnowska ECerdena CDouangvichit DAli JYaakub RLindroos AKBrown KZajkas GAlexy ULopez-Jaramillo PMwaniki EPalmer PTao TChuah KAShamsuddin KMeenakshi JVLindstrom JPetrova SJan Bin Jan Mohamed HHotz CfalseIncident type 2 diabetes attributable to suboptimal diet in 184 countries.The global burden of diet-attributable type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not well established. This risk assessment model estimated T2D incidence among adults attributable to direct and body weight-mediated effects of 11 dietary factors in 184 countries in 1990 and 2018. In 2018, suboptimal intake of these dietary factors was estimated to be attributable to 14.1 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 13.8-14.4 million) incident T2D cases, representing 70.3% (68.8-71.8%) of new cases globally. Largest T2D burdens were attributable to insufficient whole-grain intake (26.1% (25.0-27.1%)), excess refined rice and wheat intake (24.6% (22.3-27.2%)) and excess processed meat intake (20.3% (18.3-23.5%)). Across regions, highest proportional burdens were in central and eastern Europe and central Asia (85.62023-01-01T00:00:00Z2023 Apr2026-03-31T11:52:12.157Z2025-05-29T19:03:21.13ZS-EPMC101156533706936310.1038/s41591-023-02278-8