biostudies-literatureMartinez-Navarro BNational Genealogical Society (NGS)Israel Science Foundation (ISF)National Science Foundation (NSF)530https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC10187515biostudies-literatureUnknown6(1)In 2017, a hemimandible (MW5-B208), corresponding to the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), was found in a stratigraphically-controlled and radio-isotopically-dated sequence of the Melka Wakena paleoanthropological site-complex, on the Southeastern Ethiopian Highlands, ~ 2300 m above sea level. The specimen is the first and unique Pleistocene fossil of this species. Our data provide an unambiguous minimum age of 1.6-1.4 Ma for the species' presence in Africa and constitutes the first empirical evidence that supports molecular interpretations. Currently, C. simensis is one of the most endangered carnivore species of Africa. Bioclimate niche modeling applied to the time frame indicated by the fossil suggests that the lineage of the Ethiopian wolf faced severe survival challenges in the past, wCommunications biologyThe earliest Ethiopian wolf: implications for the species evolution and its future survival.PMC10187515BCS-20200441745/219801-15Niespolo EMHerzlinger GAsrat AGossa TCarotenuto FHovers EPalmqvist PRenne PRRook LMartinez-Navarro BBartolini-Lucenti SFigueirido BfalseThe earliest Ethiopian wolf: implications for the species evolution and its future survival.In 2017, a hemimandible (MW5-B208), corresponding to the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), was found in a stratigraphically-controlled and radio-isotopically-dated sequence of the Melka Wakena paleoanthropological site-complex, on the Southeastern Ethiopian Highlands, ~ 2300 m above sea level. The specimen is the first and unique Pleistocene fossil of this species. Our data provide an unambiguous minimum age of 1.6-1.4 Ma for the species' presence in Africa and constitutes the first empirical evidence that supports molecular interpretations. Currently, C. simensis is one of the most endangered carnivore species of Africa. Bioclimate niche modeling applied to the time frame indicated by the fossil suggests that the lineage of the Ethiopian wolf faced severe survival challenges in the past, w2023-01-01T00:00:00Z2023 May2025-04-05T09:11:41.416Z2025-04-05T09:11:41.416ZS-EPMC101875153719388410.1038/s42003-023-04908-w