biostudies-literatureUnknown54Huang IS<h4>Background</h4>The primary microenvironment of the testis comprises testicular interstitial fluid (TIF) surrounding the seminiferous tubules and testicular interstitial tissue. The pathological alterations of germ and Sertoli cells could affect the TIF composition and might contain putative biomarkers for monitoring active spermatogenesis.<h4>Objective</h4>We identified differentially expressed proteins in the TIF of patients with obstructive (OA) or nonobstructive (NOA) azoospermia to elucidate the underlying etiology of defective spermatogenesis.<h4>Design setting and participants</h4>We prospectively enrolled nine patients, including three men with OA and six with NOA with (<i>n</i> = 3) and without (<i>n</i> = 3) successful sperm retrieval. Their TIF was collected during the testicEuropean urology open science88-96https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC10403685biostudies-literatureProteomic Analysis of Testicular Interstitial Fluid in Men with Azoospermia.PMC10403685Li LHJuan CCHuang EYHuang WJHuang ISChen WJfalseProteomic Analysis of Testicular Interstitial Fluid in Men with Azoospermia.<h4>Background</h4>The primary microenvironment of the testis comprises testicular interstitial fluid (TIF) surrounding the seminiferous tubules and testicular interstitial tissue. The pathological alterations of germ and Sertoli cells could affect the TIF composition and might contain putative biomarkers for monitoring active spermatogenesis.<h4>Objective</h4>We identified differentially expressed proteins in the TIF of patients with obstructive (OA) or nonobstructive (NOA) azoospermia to elucidate the underlying etiology of defective spermatogenesis.<h4>Design setting and participants</h4>We prospectively enrolled nine patients, including three men with OA and six with NOA with (<i>n</i> = 3) and without (<i>n</i> = 3) successful sperm retrieval. Their TIF was collected during the testic2023-01-01T00:00:00Z2023 Aug2026-06-02T06:38:35.812Z2025-07-12T03:04:43.58ZS-EPMC104036853754584710.1016/j.euros.2023.06.004