biostudies-literatureUnknown14Puasri P<h4>Background</h4>Gnathostomiasis is an important zoonosis in tropical areas that is mainly caused by third-stage <i>Gnathostoma spinigerum</i> larvae (<i>G. spinigerum</i> L3).<h4>Objectives</h4>This study aimed to prove whether <i>G. spinigerum</i> L3 produces extracellular vesicles (EVs) and investigate human gene profiles related to the immune response against the larvae.<h4>Methods</h4>We created an immune cell model using normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) co-cultured with the larvae for 1 and 3 days, respectively. The PBMCs were harvested for transcriptome sequencing analysis. The EV ultrastructure was examined in the larvae and the cultured medium.<h4>Results</h4>Extracellular vesicle-like particles were observed under the larval teguments and in the pellets iFrontiers in immunology1218965https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC10436992biostudies-literatureRegulation of immune response against third-stage <i>Gnathostoma spinigerum</i> larvae by human genes.PMC10436992Reamtong OBoonyuen UYoonuan TBenjathummarak SDekumyoy PAmpawong SPuasri PDechkhajorn WManeerat YfalseRegulation of immune response against third-stage <i>Gnathostoma spinigerum</i> larvae by human genes.<h4>Background</h4>Gnathostomiasis is an important zoonosis in tropical areas that is mainly caused by third-stage <i>Gnathostoma spinigerum</i> larvae (<i>G. spinigerum</i> L3).<h4>Objectives</h4>This study aimed to prove whether <i>G. spinigerum</i> L3 produces extracellular vesicles (EVs) and investigate human gene profiles related to the immune response against the larvae.<h4>Methods</h4>We created an immune cell model using normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) co-cultured with the larvae for 1 and 3 days, respectively. The PBMCs were harvested for transcriptome sequencing analysis. The EV ultrastructure was examined in the larvae and the cultured medium.<h4>Results</h4>Extracellular vesicle-like particles were observed under the larval teguments and in the pellets i2023-01-01T00:00:00Z20232026-04-12T23:03:19.675Z2025-04-06T17:48:27.803ZS-EPMC104369923760080610.3389/fimmu.2023.1218965