biostudies-literatureMsibi SSMinistry of Agriculture (Taiwan)China Medical University (Taiwan)770https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC10534646biostudies-literatureUnknown11(9)Marked reductions in mean annual rainfall associated with climate change in Eswatini in Southern Africa have encouraged the recycling of irrigation water and the increased use of pesticides in agricultural production, raising concerns about potential ecological and health risks due to long-term exposure to pesticide residues in soil and irrigation water. This probabilistic integrated risk assessment used liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry to analyze the concentrations of four commonly used agricultural pesticides (ametryn, atrazine, pendimethalin, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)) in irrigation water and topsoil samples from farmlands in Eswatini to assess potential ecological and health risks due to exposure. The concentrations of these pesticides ranged from unToxicsImpacts of Agricultural Pesticide Contamination: An Integrated Risk Assessment of Rural Communities of Eswatini.PMC10534646CMU 108-MF-115107AS-8.5.1-BQ-B1(Z)106AS-9.6.1-BQ-B1(Z)Chang CPChen CJChen CYChiang SYSu LJMsibi SSWu KYfalseImpacts of Agricultural Pesticide Contamination: An Integrated Risk Assessment of Rural Communities of Eswatini.Marked reductions in mean annual rainfall associated with climate change in Eswatini in Southern Africa have encouraged the recycling of irrigation water and the increased use of pesticides in agricultural production, raising concerns about potential ecological and health risks due to long-term exposure to pesticide residues in soil and irrigation water. This probabilistic integrated risk assessment used liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry to analyze the concentrations of four commonly used agricultural pesticides (ametryn, atrazine, pendimethalin, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)) in irrigation water and topsoil samples from farmlands in Eswatini to assess potential ecological and health risks due to exposure. The concentrations of these pesticides ranged from un2023-01-01T00:00:00Z2023 Sep2025-04-05T00:10:11.507Z2025-04-05T00:10:11.507ZS-EPMC105346463775578010.3390/toxics11090770