{"database":"biostudies-literature","file_versions":[],"scores":null,"additional":{"omics_type":["Unknown"],"volume":["14"],"submitter":["Mohammadi B"],"pubmed_abstract":["Characterization of the microbiomes of pre-launch spacecraft in spacecraft assembly facilities is an important step in keeping crews healthy during journeys that can last several hundred days in small artificial environments in space. <i>Bacillus cereus</i>, a foodborne pathogenic bacterium, has the potential to be a significant source of food contamination in such environments. This bacterium is a spore-forming bacteria that resists different antimicrobial treatments in cleanrooms where spacecraft are assembled. This study evaluated 41 <i>B. cereus</i> isolates from four pre-launch spacecraft in spacecraft assembly facilities for their toxin gene profile and antibiotic resistance. Four enterotoxin genes (<i>hlbC</i>, <i>cytK</i>, <i>nheA</i>, and <i>entFM</i>) and two emetic toxin genes (<i>ces</i> and <i>CER</i>) were targeted for chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA. Results showed 31.7, 7.3, 85, and 41.5% of isolates contained <i>hblC</i>, <i>cytK</i>, <i>nheA</i>, and <i>entFM</i>, respectively, in chromosomal or plasmid DNA. Overall, 37 isolates (90.2%) showed at least one enterotoxin gene. The emetic toxin gene, <i>ces</i>, was detected in the plasmid DNA of three isolates (7.3%). The antibiotic resistance of isolates was evaluated by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion procedure. All the isolates exhibited 100% susceptibility to gentamicin, 97% were susceptible to clindamycin, and 95% to chloramphenicol, imipenem, tetracycline, and vancomycin. The overall susceptibility average is 51%. However, 98% of the isolates were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics, 97.5% were resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and 80% were resistant to rifampin. This study provides important information on <i>B. cereus</i> isolates from spacecraft assembly facilities for use in microbial monitoring programs of spacecraft."],"journal":["Frontiers in microbiology"],"pagination":["1231726"],"full_dataset_link":["https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC10690612"],"repository":["biostudies-literature"],"pubmed_title":["Profiling toxin genes and antibiotic resistance in <i>Bacillus cereus</i> isolated from pre-launch spacecraft."],"pmcid":["PMC10690612"],"pubmed_authors":["Mohammadi B","Smith SA","Gorkina N","Perez-Reyes ME"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"Profiling toxin genes and antibiotic resistance in <i>Bacillus cereus</i> isolated from pre-launch spacecraft.","description":"Characterization of the microbiomes of pre-launch spacecraft in spacecraft assembly facilities is an important step in keeping crews healthy during journeys that can last several hundred days in small artificial environments in space. <i>Bacillus cereus</i>, a foodborne pathogenic bacterium, has the potential to be a significant source of food contamination in such environments. This bacterium is a spore-forming bacteria that resists different antimicrobial treatments in cleanrooms where spacecraft are assembled. This study evaluated 41 <i>B. cereus</i> isolates from four pre-launch spacecraft in spacecraft assembly facilities for their toxin gene profile and antibiotic resistance. Four enterotoxin genes (<i>hlbC</i>, <i>cytK</i>, <i>nheA</i>, and <i>entFM</i>) and two emetic toxin genes (<i>ces</i> and <i>CER</i>) were targeted for chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA. Results showed 31.7, 7.3, 85, and 41.5% of isolates contained <i>hblC</i>, <i>cytK</i>, <i>nheA</i>, and <i>entFM</i>, respectively, in chromosomal or plasmid DNA. Overall, 37 isolates (90.2%) showed at least one enterotoxin gene. The emetic toxin gene, <i>ces</i>, was detected in the plasmid DNA of three isolates (7.3%). The antibiotic resistance of isolates was evaluated by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion procedure. All the isolates exhibited 100% susceptibility to gentamicin, 97% were susceptible to clindamycin, and 95% to chloramphenicol, imipenem, tetracycline, and vancomycin. The overall susceptibility average is 51%. However, 98% of the isolates were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics, 97.5% were resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and 80% were resistant to rifampin. This study provides important information on <i>B. cereus</i> isolates from spacecraft assembly facilities for use in microbial monitoring programs of spacecraft.","dates":{"release":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","publication":"2023","modification":"2025-04-25T17:35:14.884Z","creation":"2025-04-06T04:05:23.949Z"},"accession":"S-EPMC10690612","cross_references":{"pubmed":["38045028"],"doi":["10.3389/fmicb.2023.1231726"]}}