biostudies-literatureLiu GShenzhen Key Laboratory of Interfacial Science and Engineering of MaterialsShenzhen Science and Technology Innovation CommitteeNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaBasic Research Project of the Science and Technology Innovation Commission of ShenzhenIntroduced Innovative R&D Team of GuangdongGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Science and Material Designe2305414https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC10754077biostudies-literatureUnknown10(36)Although hard carbon (HC) demonstrates superior initial Coulombic efficiency, cycling durability, and rate capability in ether-based electrolytes compared to ester-based electrolytes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), the underlying mechanisms responsible for these disparities remain largely unexplored. Herein, ex situ electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra and in situ Raman spectroscopy are combined to investigate the Na storage mechanism of HC under different electrolytes. Through deconvolving the EPR signals of Na in HC, quasi-metallic-Na is successfully differentiated from adsorbed-Na. By monitoring the evolution of different Na species during the charging/discharging process, it is found that the initial adsorbed-Na in HC with ether-based electrolytes can be effectively transformAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)Deciphering Electrolyte Dominated Na⁺ Storage Mechanisms in Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries.PMC107540772019B0303010012017ZT07C062JCYJ20200109141412308JCYJ20220818100418040U22A20439ZDSYS20200421111401738Zhang FQin NGu SLu ZLuo GWang HYuan HHao RZeng CLi YCao YLuo WYan CWang ZLiu GfalseDeciphering Electrolyte Dominated Na⁺ Storage Mechanisms in Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries.Although hard carbon (HC) demonstrates superior initial Coulombic efficiency, cycling durability, and rate capability in ether-based electrolytes compared to ester-based electrolytes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), the underlying mechanisms responsible for these disparities remain largely unexplored. Herein, ex situ electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra and in situ Raman spectroscopy are combined to investigate the Na storage mechanism of HC under different electrolytes. Through deconvolving the EPR signals of Na in HC, quasi-metallic-Na is successfully differentiated from adsorbed-Na. By monitoring the evolution of different Na species during the charging/discharging process, it is found that the initial adsorbed-Na in HC with ether-based electrolytes can be effectively transform2023-01-01T00:00:00Z2023 Dec2025-04-29T09:53:40.125Z2025-04-06T19:18:10.659ZS-EPMC107540773787539410.1002/advs.202305414