biostudies-literatureLei LFundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of ZhejiangNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)1140https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC10850100biostudies-literatureUnknown15(1)Lanthanide-doped fluoride nanoparticles (NPs) showcase adjustable X-ray-excited persistent luminescence (XEPL), holding significant promise for applications in three-dimensional (3D) imaging through the creation of flexible X-ray detectors. However, a dangerous high X-ray irradiation dose rate and complicated heating procedure are required to generate efficient XEPL for high-resolution 3D imaging, which is attributed to a lack of strategies to significantly enhance the XEPL intensity. Here we report that the XEPL intensity of a series of lanthanide activators (Dy, Pr, Er, Tm, Gd, Tb) is greatly improved by constructing dual heterogeneous interfaces in a double-shell nanostructure. Mechanistic studies indicate that the employed core@shell@shell structure could not only passivate the surfaceNature communicationsDual heterogeneous interfaces enhance X-ray excited persistent luminescence for low-dose 3D imaging.PMC1085010052172164Hua YPrasad PNLei LZhang JYi MXu SWang YfalseDual heterogeneous interfaces enhance X-ray excited persistent luminescence for low-dose 3D imaging.Lanthanide-doped fluoride nanoparticles (NPs) showcase adjustable X-ray-excited persistent luminescence (XEPL), holding significant promise for applications in three-dimensional (3D) imaging through the creation of flexible X-ray detectors. However, a dangerous high X-ray irradiation dose rate and complicated heating procedure are required to generate efficient XEPL for high-resolution 3D imaging, which is attributed to a lack of strategies to significantly enhance the XEPL intensity. Here we report that the XEPL intensity of a series of lanthanide activators (Dy, Pr, Er, Tm, Gd, Tb) is greatly improved by constructing dual heterogeneous interfaces in a double-shell nanostructure. Mechanistic studies indicate that the employed core@shell@shell structure could not only passivate the surface2024-01-01T00:00:00Z2024 Feb2025-04-04T10:42:10.568Z2025-04-04T10:42:10.568ZS-EPMC108501003832631010.1038/s41467-024-45390-0