biostudies-literatureBenning TJNational Center for Advancing Translational SciencesNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesNIDDK NIH HHSNational Institutes of HealthNational Institute on Aging111026https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC10872944biostudies-literatureUnknown206<h4>Aims</h4>To characterize glucagon fill rates and costs among youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).<h4>Methods</h4>Claims-based analysis of commercially-insured youth with T1DM included in OptumLabs® Data Warehouse between 2011 and 2021. Glucagon fill rates and costs were calculated overall and by formulation (injectable, intranasal, autoinjector, and pre-filled syringe). Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with glucagon fills were examined using Cox regression.<h4>Results</h4>We identified 13,267 children with T1DM (76.4% non-Hispanic White). Over mean follow-up of 2.81 years (SD 2.62), 70.0% filled glucagon, with stable fill rates from 2011 to 2021. Intranasal glucagon had rapid uptake following initial approval, and it accounted for almost half (46.6%) of all glucaDiabetes research and clinical practiceGlucagon fill rates and cost among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in the United States, 2011-2021.PMC10872944K23DK114497K23 DK114497Benning TJMcCoy RGAl Nofal AHerges JRHeien HCCreo ALfalseGlucagon fill rates and cost among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in the United States, 2011-2021.<h4>Aims</h4>To characterize glucagon fill rates and costs among youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).<h4>Methods</h4>Claims-based analysis of commercially-insured youth with T1DM included in OptumLabs® Data Warehouse between 2011 and 2021. Glucagon fill rates and costs were calculated overall and by formulation (injectable, intranasal, autoinjector, and pre-filled syringe). Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with glucagon fills were examined using Cox regression.<h4>Results</h4>We identified 13,267 children with T1DM (76.4% non-Hispanic White). Over mean follow-up of 2.81 years (SD 2.62), 70.0% filled glucagon, with stable fill rates from 2011 to 2021. Intranasal glucagon had rapid uptake following initial approval, and it accounted for almost half (46.6%) of all gluca2023-01-01T00:00:00Z2023 Dec2025-04-04T01:18:24.877Z2025-04-04T01:18:24.877ZS-EPMC108729443800066710.1016/j.diabres.2023.111026