biostudies-literatureFuchs ALMurdock Trust FoundationNational Institute of General Medical Sciences of the NIH at MSINCRR NIH HHSNIDDK NIH HHSMSU’s College of Letters and SciencesNIH Shared Instrumentation Grant programMontana Research InitiativeNational Institutes of HealthMSU’s Vice President for Research and Economic Development’s officeNIGMS NIH HHSNational Science Foundation2407https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC10889249biostudies-literatureUnknown25(4)The complexity of macrophage (MΦ) plasticity and polarization states, which include classically activated pro-inflammatory (M1) and alternatively activated anti-inflammatory (M2) MΦ phenotypes, is becoming increasingly appreciated. Within the M2 MΦ polarization state, M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d MΦ subcategories have been defined based on their expression of specific cell surface receptors, secreted cytokines, and specialized immune effector functions. The importance of immunometabolic networks in mediating the function and regulation of MΦ immune responses is also being increasingly recognized, although the exact mechanisms and extent of metabolic modulation of MΦ subtype phenotypes and functions remain incompletely understood. In this study, proton (¹H) nuclear magnetic resonance (International journal of molecular sciencesPrimary Human M2 Macrophage Subtypes Are Distinguishable by Aqueous Metabolite Profiles.PMC10889249P20GM10347451040-MUSRI2015-032015066:MNLNSF-MRI:CHE-2018388S10 RR0266591S10RR13878NSF-MRI:DBI-1532078P20 GM1034741S10RR026659R01 DK117473Copie VTripet BPFuchs ALSchiller SMCostello SMfalsePrimary Human M2 Macrophage Subtypes Are Distinguishable by Aqueous Metabolite Profiles.The complexity of macrophage (MΦ) plasticity and polarization states, which include classically activated pro-inflammatory (M1) and alternatively activated anti-inflammatory (M2) MΦ phenotypes, is becoming increasingly appreciated. Within the M2 MΦ polarization state, M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d MΦ subcategories have been defined based on their expression of specific cell surface receptors, secreted cytokines, and specialized immune effector functions. The importance of immunometabolic networks in mediating the function and regulation of MΦ immune responses is also being increasingly recognized, although the exact mechanisms and extent of metabolic modulation of MΦ subtype phenotypes and functions remain incompletely understood. In this study, proton (¹H) nuclear magnetic resonance (2024-01-01T00:00:00Z2024 Feb2026-06-28T03:09:20.042Z2025-04-19T14:49:14.274ZS-EPMC108892493839708410.3390/ijms25042407