biostudies-literatureCsumitta KDFondation Jérôme LejeuneEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNICHD NIH HHS68-80https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC10919446biostudies-literatureUnknown66(1-2)<h4>Background</h4>Executive function difficulties in youth with Down syndrome (DS) are well recognised using informant-report measures. However, the profile of relative challenges and strengths has not yet been evaluated using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition (BRIEF-2), which includes a new internal factor structure.<h4>Method</h4>Using the BRIEF-2, profiles of everyday parent-reported executive function (EF) were evaluated in youth with DS (n = 34) and compared with age-based and sex-based norms. EF profiles were also compared across raters (parent vs. teacher, n = 20) and relative to mental age-matched typically developing controls (ns = 19 in each group).<h4>Results</h4>Although within-group differences were not revealed on indexes, significant differences were found among BRIEF-2 scales. Across raters, teachers reported significantly more difficulties than parents. Compared with mental age-matched typically developing controls, the DS group was rated more poorly on some but not all BRIEF-2 scales.<h4>Conclusions</h4>At the scale, but not the index level, the BRIEF-2 identifies a variegated EF profile in children with DS. For several of the scales, significant differences were noted relative to both chronological age expectations (using norms) and mental-age expectations (using a developmentally matched comparison group). At the scale level, the BRIEF-2 continues to be a sensitive tool for identifying executive function difficulties as well as profiles of relative strengths and weaknesses in children with DS.Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDRUpdated profiles of everyday executive function in youth with Down syndrome using the BRIEF-2.PMC109194461447R21 HD100997R21HD100997R21 HD106164Stephan CMCsumitta KDLee NRLaQuaglia RIMiller EfalseUpdated profiles of everyday executive function in youth with Down syndrome using the BRIEF-2.<h4>Background</h4>Executive function difficulties in youth with Down syndrome (DS) are well recognised using informant-report measures. However, the profile of relative challenges and strengths has not yet been evaluated using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition (BRIEF-2), which includes a new internal factor structure.<h4>Method</h4>Using the BRIEF-2, profiles of everyday parent-reported executive function (EF) were evaluated in youth with DS (n = 34) and compared with age-based and sex-based norms. EF profiles were also compared across raters (parent vs. teacher, n = 20) and relative to mental age-matched typically developing controls (ns = 19 in each group).<h4>Results</h4>Although within-group differences were not revealed on indexes, significant differences were found among BRIEF-2 scales. Across raters, teachers reported significantly more difficulties than parents. Compared with mental age-matched typically developing controls, the DS group was rated more poorly on some but not all BRIEF-2 scales.<h4>Conclusions</h4>At the scale, but not the index level, the BRIEF-2 identifies a variegated EF profile in children with DS. For several of the scales, significant differences were noted relative to both chronological age expectations (using norms) and mental-age expectations (using a developmentally matched comparison group). At the scale level, the BRIEF-2 continues to be a sensitive tool for identifying executive function difficulties as well as profiles of relative strengths and weaknesses in children with DS.2022-01-01T00:00:00Z2022 Jan2025-04-04T12:58:25.713Z2025-04-04T12:58:25.713ZS-EPMC109194463454984610.1111/jir.12879