biostudies-literatureUnknown627(8003)Kronenfeld JMParticle fabrication has attracted recent attention owing to its diverse applications in bioengineering^1,2, drug and vaccine delivery^3-5, microfluidics^6,7, granular systems^8,9, self-assembly^5,10,11, microelectronics^12,13 and abrasives¹⁴. Herein we introduce a scalable, high-resolution, 3D printing technique for the fabrication of shape-specific particles based on roll-to-roll continuous liquid interface production (r2rCLIP). We demonstrate r2rCLIP using single-digit, micron-resolution optics in combination with a continuous roll of film (in lieu of a static platform), enabling the rapidly permutable fabrication and harvesting of shape-specific particles from a variety of materials and with complex geometries, including geometries not possible to achieve with advanced mould-based techniques. We demonstrate r2rCLIP production of mouldable and non-mouldable shapes with voxel sizes as small as 2.0 × 2.0 µm² in the print plane and 1.1 ± 0.3 µm unsupported thickness, at speeds of up to 1,000,000 particles per day. Such microscopic particles with permutable, intricate designs enable direct integration within biomedical, analytical and advanced materials applications.Nature306-312https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC10937373biostudies-literatureRoll-to-roll, high-resolution 3D printing of shape-specific particles.PMC10937373Kronenfeld JMDeSimone JMRother LDulay MTSaccone MAfalseRoll-to-roll, high-resolution 3D printing of shape-specific particles.Particle fabrication has attracted recent attention owing to its diverse applications in bioengineering^1,2, drug and vaccine delivery^3-5, microfluidics^6,7, granular systems^8,9, self-assembly^5,10,11, microelectronics^12,13 and abrasives¹⁴. Herein we introduce a scalable, high-resolution, 3D printing technique for the fabrication of shape-specific particles based on roll-to-roll continuous liquid interface production (r2rCLIP). We demonstrate r2rCLIP using single-digit, micron-resolution optics in combination with a continuous roll of film (in lieu of a static platform), enabling the rapidly permutable fabrication and harvesting of shape-specific particles from a variety of materials and with complex geometries, including geometries not possible to achieve with advanced mould-based techniques. We demonstrate r2rCLIP production of mouldable and non-mouldable shapes with voxel sizes as small as 2.0 × 2.0 µm² in the print plane and 1.1 ± 0.3 µm unsupported thickness, at speeds of up to 1,000,000 particles per day. Such microscopic particles with permutable, intricate designs enable direct integration within biomedical, analytical and advanced materials applications.2024-01-01T00:00:00Z2024 Mar2026-06-27T03:07:35.744Z2026-06-27T03:05:17.282ZS-EPMC109373733848096510.1038/s41586-024-07061-4