{"database":"biostudies-literature","file_versions":[],"scores":null,"additional":{"submitter":["Richie TL"],"funding":["MIMVC-Africa and from the German Centre for Infection Research","European Union/European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership","European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP)","NIAID NIH HHS","Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health","Wellcome Trust","Intramural CDC HHS"],"pagination":["964-1007"],"full_dataset_link":["https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC10949369"],"repository":["biostudies-literature"],"omics_type":["Unknown"],"volume":["22(1)"],"pubmed_abstract":["<h4>Introduction</h4>Malaria, a devastating febrile illness caused by protozoan parasites, sickened 247,000,000 people in 2021 and killed 619,000, mostly children and pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. A highly effective vaccine is urgently needed, especially for <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> (Pf), the deadliest human malaria parasite.<h4>Areas covered</h4>Sporozoites (SPZ), the parasite stage transmitted by <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes to humans, are the only vaccine immunogen achieving >90% efficacy against Pf infection. This review describes >30 clinical trials of PfSPZ vaccines in the U.S.A., Europe, Africa, and Asia, based on first-hand knowledge of the trials and PubMed searches of 'sporozoites,' 'malaria,' and 'vaccines.'<h4>Expert opinion</h4>First generation (radiation-attenuated) PfSPZ vaccines are safe, well tolerated, 80-100% efficacious against homologous controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) and provide 18-19 months protection without boosting in Africa. Second generation chemo-attenuated PfSPZ are more potent, 100% efficacious against stringent heterologous (variant strain) CHMI, but require a co-administered drug, raising safety concerns. Third generation, late liver stage-arresting, replication competent (LARC), genetically-attenuated PfSPZ are expected to be both safe and highly efficacious. Overall, PfSPZ vaccines meet safety, tolerability, and efficacy requirements for protecting pregnant women and travelers exposed to Pf in Africa, with licensure for these populations possible within 5 years. Protecting children and mass vaccination programs to block transmission and eliminate malaria are long-term objectives."],"journal":["Expert review of vaccines"],"pubmed_title":["Sporozoite immunization: innovative translational science to support the fight against malaria."],"pmcid":["PMC10949369"],"funding_grant_id":["ZIA AI001170-08","CC999999","TTU03.820","R01 AI141900","RIA2018SV-2310"],"pubmed_authors":["Duffy PE","Daubenberger C","Healy SA","Steinhardt L","Kapulu M","Dolberg D","Abdulla S","Vaughan AM","Lopez Mikue MA","Oneko M","Janse CJ","Hoffman SL","Billingsley PF","Natasha Kc","Kublin JG","Dicko A","Sim BKL","Sissoko MS","Murshedkar T","Kreidenweiss A","Olotu A","Diawara H","Church LWP","Mordmuller B","Sirima SB","McCall MBB","Roestenberg M","Murphy SC","Abebe Y","Sagara I","Jongo S","Sauerwein RW","Chen MC","Epstein JE","Lyke KE","Kappe SHI","Tanner M","Cook DM","Kremsner PG","Laurens MB","Franke-Fayard B","Chakravarty S","Agnandji ST","Richie TL","James ER","Silva JC"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"Sporozoite immunization: innovative translational science to support the fight against malaria.","description":"<h4>Introduction</h4>Malaria, a devastating febrile illness caused by protozoan parasites, sickened 247,000,000 people in 2021 and killed 619,000, mostly children and pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. A highly effective vaccine is urgently needed, especially for <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> (Pf), the deadliest human malaria parasite.<h4>Areas covered</h4>Sporozoites (SPZ), the parasite stage transmitted by <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes to humans, are the only vaccine immunogen achieving >90% efficacy against Pf infection. This review describes >30 clinical trials of PfSPZ vaccines in the U.S.A., Europe, Africa, and Asia, based on first-hand knowledge of the trials and PubMed searches of 'sporozoites,' 'malaria,' and 'vaccines.'<h4>Expert opinion</h4>First generation (radiation-attenuated) PfSPZ vaccines are safe, well tolerated, 80-100% efficacious against homologous controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) and provide 18-19 months protection without boosting in Africa. Second generation chemo-attenuated PfSPZ are more potent, 100% efficacious against stringent heterologous (variant strain) CHMI, but require a co-administered drug, raising safety concerns. Third generation, late liver stage-arresting, replication competent (LARC), genetically-attenuated PfSPZ are expected to be both safe and highly efficacious. Overall, PfSPZ vaccines meet safety, tolerability, and efficacy requirements for protecting pregnant women and travelers exposed to Pf in Africa, with licensure for these populations possible within 5 years. Protecting children and mass vaccination programs to block transmission and eliminate malaria are long-term objectives.","dates":{"release":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","publication":"2023 Jan-Dec","modification":"2025-04-05T07:20:57.12Z","creation":"2025-04-05T07:20:57.12Z"},"accession":"S-EPMC10949369","cross_references":{"pubmed":["37571809"],"doi":["10.1080/14760584.2023.2245890"]}}