biostudies-literatureQi YShanghai Municipal Natural Science FoundationShanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning ProgramFudan University Shanghai Cancer Center for Outstanding Youth Scholars FoundationNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaShanghai Cancer Research Charity CenterShanghai Sailing ProgramGuide Project of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality2067-2080https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC11028176biostudies-literatureUnknown68(12)<h4>Purpose</h4>Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) exist as heterogeneous subsets and have dichotomous roles in cancer-immune evasion. This study aims to assess the clinical effects of Galectin-9⁺ tumor-associated macrophages (Gal-9⁺TAMs) in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).<h4>Experimental design</h4>We identified Gal-9⁺TAMs by immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of a tumor microarray (TMA) (n = 141) from the Zhongshan Hospital and by flow cytometric analysis of tumor specimens (n = 20) from the Shanghai Cancer Center. The survival benefit of platinum-based chemotherapy in this subpopulation was evaluated. The effect of the tumor-immune microenvironment with different percentages of Gal-9⁺TAMs was explored.<h4>Results</h4>The frequency of Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CIITumor-associated macrophages expressing galectin-9 identify immunoevasive subtype muscle-invasive bladder cancer with poor prognosis but favorable adjuvant chemotherapeutic response.PMC110281768187130618YF1404500317708518147222781471621YJYQ20180216ZR14065008147237619YF14272008187208220174Y004219YF14079008167162881702805817726968170249620184016820184Y01518170249717411963100Xia YXu LZhou QLiu LZhu YDai BChen LChang YWang JXu JZhang PZhang WLiu ZBai QGuo JQi YChen YWang YWang ZKong YfalseTumor-associated macrophages expressing galectin-9 identify immunoevasive subtype muscle-invasive bladder cancer with poor prognosis but favorable adjuvant chemotherapeutic response.<h4>Purpose</h4>Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) exist as heterogeneous subsets and have dichotomous roles in cancer-immune evasion. This study aims to assess the clinical effects of Galectin-9⁺ tumor-associated macrophages (Gal-9⁺TAMs) in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).<h4>Experimental design</h4>We identified Gal-9⁺TAMs by immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of a tumor microarray (TMA) (n = 141) from the Zhongshan Hospital and by flow cytometric analysis of tumor specimens (n = 20) from the Shanghai Cancer Center. The survival benefit of platinum-based chemotherapy in this subpopulation was evaluated. The effect of the tumor-immune microenvironment with different percentages of Gal-9⁺TAMs was explored.<h4>Results</h4>The frequency of 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z2019 Dec2026-05-29T12:38:52.738Z2026-04-08T04:48:09.206ZS-EPMC110281763172081310.1007/s00262-019-02429-2