biostudies-literatureUnknown15(1)Zhu JAnalogous of pixels to two-dimensional pictures, voxels-in the form of either small cubes or spheres-are the basic building blocks of three-dimensional objects. However, precise manipulation of viscoelastic bio-ink voxels in three-dimensional space represents a grand challenge in both soft matter science and biomanufacturing. Here, we present a voxelated bioprinting technology that enables the digital assembly of interpenetrating double-network hydrogel droplets made of polyacrylamide/alginate-based or hyaluronic acid/alginate-based polymers. The hydrogels are crosslinked via additive-free and biofriendly click reaction between a pair of stoichiometrically matched polymers carrying norbornene and tetrazine groups, respectively. We develop theoretical frameworks to describe the crosslinkingNature communications5902https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC11246467biostudies-literatureVoxelated bioprinting of modular double-network bio-ink droplets.PMC11246467Zhu JHe YCai LHWang YfalseVoxelated bioprinting of modular double-network bio-ink droplets.Analogous of pixels to two-dimensional pictures, voxels-in the form of either small cubes or spheres-are the basic building blocks of three-dimensional objects. However, precise manipulation of viscoelastic bio-ink voxels in three-dimensional space represents a grand challenge in both soft matter science and biomanufacturing. Here, we present a voxelated bioprinting technology that enables the digital assembly of interpenetrating double-network hydrogel droplets made of polyacrylamide/alginate-based or hyaluronic acid/alginate-based polymers. The hydrogels are crosslinked via additive-free and biofriendly click reaction between a pair of stoichiometrically matched polymers carrying norbornene and tetrazine groups, respectively. We develop theoretical frameworks to describe the crosslinking2024-01-01T00:00:00Z2024 Jul2025-06-01T00:12:24.876Z2024-11-12T23:24:35.82ZS-EPMC112464673900326610.1038/s41467-024-49705-z