biostudies-literatureYu XQNational Natural Science Foundation of Chinathe National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaMajor Project of Agricultural Biological Breeding2113-2128https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC11258992biostudies-literatureUnknown22(8)Plants face a relentless onslaught from a diverse array of pathogens in their natural environment, to which they have evolved a myriad of strategies that unfold across various temporal scales. Cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect conserved elicitors from pathogens or endogenous molecules released during pathogen invasion, initiating the first line of defence in plants, known as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), which imparts a baseline level of disease resistance. Inside host cells, pathogen effectors are sensed by the nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors, which then activate the second line of defence: effector-triggered immunity (ETI), offering a more potent and enduring defence mechanism. Moreover, PTI and ETI collaborate synergistically to bolster Plant biotechnology journalPTI-ETI synergistic signal mechanisms in plant immunity.PMC112589922022ZD040150332071734Wang HLXia XYin WYu XQNiu HQLiu CfalsePTI-ETI synergistic signal mechanisms in plant immunity.Plants face a relentless onslaught from a diverse array of pathogens in their natural environment, to which they have evolved a myriad of strategies that unfold across various temporal scales. Cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect conserved elicitors from pathogens or endogenous molecules released during pathogen invasion, initiating the first line of defence in plants, known as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), which imparts a baseline level of disease resistance. Inside host cells, pathogen effectors are sensed by the nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors, which then activate the second line of defence: effector-triggered immunity (ETI), offering a more potent and enduring defence mechanism. Moreover, PTI and ETI collaborate synergistically to bolster 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z2024 Aug2025-04-26T22:22:14.513Z2025-04-06T17:10:36.828ZS-EPMC112589923847039710.1111/pbi.14332