biostudies-literatureGao YNIMH NIH HHS1414269https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC11288964biostudies-literatureUnknown12Traditionally viewed as a fixed and homogeneous machinery for protein synthesis, the ribosome is increasingly recognized for its heterogeneity, as indicated by emerging studies highlighting the functional relevance of specialized ribosomes. However, whether ribosome heterogeneity is merely an outcome limited to specific conditions or a pervasive cellular phenomenon remains unclear, and existing evidence on the extensive existence of ribosome heterogeneity is scant. Here, we leveraged existing proteomic data and employed ribosome ratio-omics (Ribosome^R), which comprehensively analyzes ribosome protein stoichiometry across various biological samples exhibiting distinct functions, developmental stages, and pathological states. Using the 80S monosome proteomic data, Ribosome<sup>R</Frontiers in cell and developmental biologyRibosome heterogeneity in development and disease.PMC11288964R01 MH124992R01 MH119149Gao YWang HfalseRibosome heterogeneity in development and disease.Traditionally viewed as a fixed and homogeneous machinery for protein synthesis, the ribosome is increasingly recognized for its heterogeneity, as indicated by emerging studies highlighting the functional relevance of specialized ribosomes. However, whether ribosome heterogeneity is merely an outcome limited to specific conditions or a pervasive cellular phenomenon remains unclear, and existing evidence on the extensive existence of ribosome heterogeneity is scant. Here, we leveraged existing proteomic data and employed ribosome ratio-omics (Ribosome^R), which comprehensively analyzes ribosome protein stoichiometry across various biological samples exhibiting distinct functions, developmental stages, and pathological states. Using the 80S monosome proteomic data, Ribosome<sup>R</2024-01-01T00:00:00Z20242025-04-05T15:04:23.699Z2025-04-05T15:04:23.699ZS-EPMC112889643908666110.3389/fcell.2024.1414269