biostudies-literatureNinomiya TMEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceMEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)Japan Agency for Medical Research and DevelopmentJapan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)e2403445121https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC11295024biostudies-literatureUnknown121(31)Modulation of neuronal firing rates by the spatial locations of physical objects is a widespread phenomenon in the brain. However, little is known about how neuronal responses to the actions of biological entities are spatially tuned and whether such spatially tuned responses are affected by social contexts. These issues are of key importance for understanding the neural basis of embodied social cognition, such as imitation and perspective-taking. Here, we show that spatial representation of actions can be dynamically changed depending on others' social relevance and agents of action. Monkeys performed a turn-taking choice task with a real monkey partner sitting face-to-face or a filmed partner in prerecorded videos. Three rectangular buttons (left, center, and right) were positioned in frProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of AmericaDynamic spatial representation of self and others' actions in the macaque frontal cortex.PMC1129502421K0726719H0546722H04931JP23wm0525001Isoda MNinomiya TfalseDynamic spatial representation of self and others' actions in the macaque frontal cortex.Modulation of neuronal firing rates by the spatial locations of physical objects is a widespread phenomenon in the brain. However, little is known about how neuronal responses to the actions of biological entities are spatially tuned and whether such spatially tuned responses are affected by social contexts. These issues are of key importance for understanding the neural basis of embodied social cognition, such as imitation and perspective-taking. Here, we show that spatial representation of actions can be dynamically changed depending on others' social relevance and agents of action. Monkeys performed a turn-taking choice task with a real monkey partner sitting face-to-face or a filmed partner in prerecorded videos. Three rectangular buttons (left, center, and right) were positioned in fr2024-01-01T00:00:00Z2024 Jul2026-06-03T00:39:28.785Z2025-02-19T02:27:35.014ZS-EPMC112950243904704110.1073/pnas.2403445121