biostudies-literatureGasparotto PSwiss Data Science Center931-944https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC11299607biostudies-literatureUnknown57(Pt 4)Serial crystallography (SX) involves combining observations from a very large number of diffraction patterns coming from crystals in random orientations. To compile a complete data set, these patterns must be indexed (<i>i.e.</i> their orientation determined), integrated and merged. Introduced here is <i>TORO</i> (<i>Torch</i>-powered robust optimization) <i>Indexer</i>, a robust and adaptable indexing algorithm developed using the <i>PyTorch</i> framework. <i>TORO</i> is capable of operating on graphics processing units (GPUs), central processing units (CPUs) and other hardware accelerators supported by <i>PyTorch</i>, ensuring compatibility with a wide variety of computational setups. In tests, <i>TORO</i> outpaces existing solutions, indexing thousands of frames per second when running Journal of applied crystallography<i>TORO Indexer</i>: a <i>PyTorch</i>-based indexing algorithm for kilohertz serial crystallography.PMC11299607C19-03 (RED-ML project)Assmann GBejar BStadler HCAshton AWLeonarski FBarba LGasparotto PMendonca HJanousch Mfalse<i>TORO Indexer</i>: a <i>PyTorch</i>-based indexing algorithm for kilohertz serial crystallography.Serial crystallography (SX) involves combining observations from a very large number of diffraction patterns coming from crystals in random orientations. To compile a complete data set, these patterns must be indexed (<i>i.e.</i> their orientation determined), integrated and merged. Introduced here is <i>TORO</i> (<i>Torch</i>-powered robust optimization) <i>Indexer</i>, a robust and adaptable indexing algorithm developed using the <i>PyTorch</i> framework. <i>TORO</i> is capable of operating on graphics processing units (GPUs), central processing units (CPUs) and other hardware accelerators supported by <i>PyTorch</i>, ensuring compatibility with a wide variety of computational setups. In tests, <i>TORO</i> outpaces existing solutions, indexing thousands of frames per second when running 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z2024 Aug2025-04-26T05:26:21.212Z2025-04-06T11:33:04.242ZS-EPMC112996073910882110.1107/S1600576724003182