biostudies-literatureNguyen MBVietnam Academy of Science and Technology25586-25597https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC11322959biostudies-literatureUnknown14(35)Sulfur compounds in fuel such as thiophene, benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene are the primary source of SO _<i>x</i> emissions, leading to environmental pollution and acid rain. In this study, we synthesized a layered oxygen-doped graphitic carbon nitride (OCN) structure and integrated ZnO and TiO₂ nanoparticles onto the OCN surface through a microwave-assisted sol-gel method. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) results confirmed a robust interaction between the ZnO and TiO₂ nanoparticles and the oxygen-doped g-C₃N₄ (OCN) surface, as indicated by the formation of C-N-Ti and C-O-Ti bonds. This interaction notably improved the optoelectronic properties of the ZnO-TiO₂/OCN composite, RSC advancesRobust interaction of ZnO and TiO₂ nanoparticles with layered graphitic carbon nitride for enhanced photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil: mechanism, performance and stability.PMC11322959NCXS 01.01/22-24Pham XNNguyen TTHai Yen Pham THa NNHa NTTTuan Anh NNguyen MBThi Lan PDoan HVDai Lam TfalseRobust interaction of ZnO and TiO₂ nanoparticles with layered graphitic carbon nitride for enhanced photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil: mechanism, performance and stability.Sulfur compounds in fuel such as thiophene, benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene are the primary source of SO _<i>x</i> emissions, leading to environmental pollution and acid rain. In this study, we synthesized a layered oxygen-doped graphitic carbon nitride (OCN) structure and integrated ZnO and TiO₂ nanoparticles onto the OCN surface through a microwave-assisted sol-gel method. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) results confirmed a robust interaction between the ZnO and TiO₂ nanoparticles and the oxygen-doped g-C₃N₄ (OCN) surface, as indicated by the formation of C-N-Ti and C-O-Ti bonds. This interaction notably improved the optoelectronic properties of the ZnO-TiO₂/OCN composite, 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z2024 Aug2025-04-19T14:51:01.635Z2025-04-19T14:51:01.635ZS-EPMC113229593914436910.1039/d4ra04357j