biostudies-literatureMihajlovic MHORIZON EUROPE Excellent ScienceAlternatives Research and Development FoundationCenter for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthUniversity Hospital of the Vrije Universiteit BrusselVrije Universiteit BrusselResearch Foundation FlandersFlemish Government3109-3126https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC11324701biostudies-literatureUnknown98(9)Parenteral nutrition (PN) is typically administered to individuals with gastrointestinal dysfunction, a contraindication for enteral feeding, and a need for nutritional therapy. When PN is the only energy source in patients, it is defined as total parenteral nutrition (TPN). TPN is a life-saving approach for different patient populations, both in infants and adults. However, despite numerous benefits, TPN can cause adverse effects, including metabolic disorders and liver injury. TPN-associated liver injury, known as intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD), represents a significant problem affecting up to 90% of individuals receiving TPN. IFALD pathogenesis is complex, depending on the TPN components as well as on the patient's medical conditions. Despite numerous animal studiesArchives of toxicologyInvestigation of parenteral nutrition-induced hepatotoxicity using human liver spheroid co-cultures.PMC11324701101034352Methusalem GrantScientific Fund Willy GeptsIndustrial Research FundMihajlovic MTabernilla ADe Waele EVerhoeven AMaerten ACallewaert EDe Boever SVinken MSanz-Serrano JRosseel ZfalseInvestigation of parenteral nutrition-induced hepatotoxicity using human liver spheroid co-cultures.Parenteral nutrition (PN) is typically administered to individuals with gastrointestinal dysfunction, a contraindication for enteral feeding, and a need for nutritional therapy. When PN is the only energy source in patients, it is defined as total parenteral nutrition (TPN). TPN is a life-saving approach for different patient populations, both in infants and adults. However, despite numerous benefits, TPN can cause adverse effects, including metabolic disorders and liver injury. TPN-associated liver injury, known as intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD), represents a significant problem affecting up to 90% of individuals receiving TPN. IFALD pathogenesis is complex, depending on the TPN components as well as on the patient's medical conditions. Despite numerous animal studies2024-01-01T00:00:00Z2024 Sep2025-05-18T12:15:28.152Z2025-04-05T10:09:49.599ZS-EPMC113247013874058810.1007/s00204-024-03773-8