biostudies-literatureCao YRisk Assessment Project of Dietary Intake of Titanium Dioxide in China1427https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC11397697biostudies-literatureUnknown14(17)Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a prevalent food additive, yet comprehensive data on particle size and dietary exposure are lacking in China. Transmission electron microscopy results revealed that the quantitative proportion of nanoparticles (NPs) in food-additive TiO₂ was 37.7%, with a mass fraction of 9.89%. Laboratory test results showed that among the domestic products surveyed, candies excluding gum-based candies contained the highest content of TiO₂. Using consumption data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2018, the average dietary exposure for TiO₂ and TiO₂ NPs in the Chinese population were calculated at 34.84 and 3.44 μg/kg bw/day, respectively. The primary dietary sources were puffed food and powdered drinks. Exposure varied significantly across age and region, with children and Inner Mongolia residents having the highest intake. TiO₂ NP exposure showed a negative correlation with age. Despite this, the dietary exposure risk of TiO₂ NPs for the Chinese population remains deemed acceptable.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)Characterization of Food-Additive Titanium Dioxide and Dietary Exposure to Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles among the Chinese Population.PMC11397697No. 2024-C05Liang CLiu ZYong LCao YSui HWei SXiao XLiu QWang HJiang DOu TSong YfalseCharacterization of Food-Additive Titanium Dioxide and Dietary Exposure to Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles among the Chinese Population.Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a prevalent food additive, yet comprehensive data on particle size and dietary exposure are lacking in China. Transmission electron microscopy results revealed that the quantitative proportion of nanoparticles (NPs) in food-additive TiO₂ was 37.7%, with a mass fraction of 9.89%. Laboratory test results showed that among the domestic products surveyed, candies excluding gum-based candies contained the highest content of TiO₂. Using consumption data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2018, the average dietary exposure for TiO₂ and TiO₂ NPs in the Chinese population were calculated at 34.84 and 3.44 μg/kg bw/day, respectively. The primary dietary sources were puffed food and powdered drinks. Exposure varied significantly across age and region, with children and Inner Mongolia residents having the highest intake. TiO₂ NP exposure showed a negative correlation with age. Despite this, the dietary exposure risk of TiO₂ NPs for the Chinese population remains deemed acceptable.2024-01-01T00:00:00Z2024 Aug2025-04-18T13:38:16.917Z2025-04-04T11:33:57.839ZS-EPMC113976973926908910.3390/nano14171427