biostudies-literatureLiu MNHLBI NIH HHS1595-1605https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC11410352biostudies-literatureUnknown176(12)<h4>Background</h4>Although cardiovascular mortality has increased among middle-aged U.S. adults since 2011, how the burden of cardiovascular risk factors has changed for this population by income level over the past 2 decades is unknown.<h4>Objective</h4>To evaluate trends in the prevalence, treatment, and control of cardiovascular risk factors among low-income and higher-income middle-aged adults and how social determinants contribute to recent associations between income and cardiovascular health.<h4>Design</h4>Serial cross-sectional study.<h4>Setting</h4>NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), 1999 to March 2020.<h4>Participants</h4>Middle-aged adults (aged 40 to 64 years).<h4>Measurements</h4>Age-standardized prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obeAnnals of internal medicineCardiovascular Health of Middle-Aged U.S. Adults by Income Level, 1999 to March 2020 : A Serial Cross-Sectional Study.PMC11410352R01 HL164561K23 HL148525Joynt Maddox KEZheng ZAggarwal RLiu MYeh RWKazi DSWadhera RKfalseCardiovascular Health of Middle-Aged U.S. Adults by Income Level, 1999 to March 2020 : A Serial Cross-Sectional Study.<h4>Background</h4>Although cardiovascular mortality has increased among middle-aged U.S. adults since 2011, how the burden of cardiovascular risk factors has changed for this population by income level over the past 2 decades is unknown.<h4>Objective</h4>To evaluate trends in the prevalence, treatment, and control of cardiovascular risk factors among low-income and higher-income middle-aged adults and how social determinants contribute to recent associations between income and cardiovascular health.<h4>Design</h4>Serial cross-sectional study.<h4>Setting</h4>NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), 1999 to March 2020.<h4>Participants</h4>Middle-aged adults (aged 40 to 64 years).<h4>Measurements</h4>Age-standardized prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obe2023-01-01T00:00:00Z2023 Dec2026-06-03T23:46:13.918Z2025-04-06T16:24:58.621ZS-EPMC114103523798382510.7326/M23-210910.7326/m23-2109