biostudies-literatureMarshall KMMedical Research CouncilERC proof of conceptNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR)UK Regenerative Medicine PlatformNational Institute for Health and Care ResearchBiotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council25832https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC11519456biostudies-literatureUnknown14(1)Bone tissue engineering aims to harness materials to develop functional bone tissue to heal 'critical-sized' bone defects. This study examined a robust, coated poly(caprolactone) trimethacrylate (PCL-TMA) 3D-printable scaffold designed to augment bone formation. Following optimisation of the coatings, three bioactive coatings were examined, i) elastin-like polypeptide (ELP), ii) poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA), fibronectin (FN) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) applied sequentially (PEA/FN/BMP-2) and iii) both ELP and PEA/FN/BMP-2 coatings applied concurrently. The scaffold material was robust and showed biodegradability. The coatings demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) osteogenic response in vitro in alkaline phosphatase gene upregulation and alkaline phosphatase production. The PCL-TScientific reportsConsiderations of growth factor and material use in bone tissue engineering using biodegradable scaffolds in vitro and in vivo.PMC11519456NIHR133314BB/P017711/1MINGRAFTMR/R015651/1Salmeron-Sanchez MHasan AStevens MMJayawarna VKanczler JMMata AWojciechowski JPOvrebo OMarshall KMYang TOreffo ROCZhou KEchalier CfalseConsiderations of growth factor and material use in bone tissue engineering using biodegradable scaffolds in vitro and in vivo.Bone tissue engineering aims to harness materials to develop functional bone tissue to heal 'critical-sized' bone defects. This study examined a robust, coated poly(caprolactone) trimethacrylate (PCL-TMA) 3D-printable scaffold designed to augment bone formation. Following optimisation of the coatings, three bioactive coatings were examined, i) elastin-like polypeptide (ELP), ii) poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA), fibronectin (FN) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) applied sequentially (PEA/FN/BMP-2) and iii) both ELP and PEA/FN/BMP-2 coatings applied concurrently. The scaffold material was robust and showed biodegradability. The coatings demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) osteogenic response in vitro in alkaline phosphatase gene upregulation and alkaline phosphatase production. The PCL-T2024-01-01T00:00:00Z2024 Oct2026-07-15T14:47:31.382Z2025-04-04T01:02:33.356ZS-EPMC115194563946814910.1038/s41598-024-75198-3