biostudies-literatureUnknown10(4)Heesen C<h4>Background</h4>This meta-analysis aimed to assess the treatment effects of immunotherapies in subgroups of adults with clinically isolated syndrome or relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and the effect of potential treatment effect modifiers (TEMs).<h4>Methods</h4>Phase 2 and 3 RCTs with a placebo comparator were analyzed. Risk of bias was assessed. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to summarize treatment effects within subgroups and differences in treatment effects between subgroups.<h4>Results</h4>Thirty-one studies were included. Age < 40 years was the strongest TEM for relapse rate across DMTs with a ratio of rate ratios (RRR) of 1.44 (95% CI 1.09-1.90; 7 studies). Disability progression was influenced by age (ratio of hazard ratios, RHR 1.59, 95% CI 1.11-2.29; 4 sMultiple sclerosis journal - experimental, translational and clinical20552173241274618https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC11528564biostudies-literatureTreatment effect modifiers of immunotherapies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis-A systematic review and meta-analysis.PMC11528564Kopke SSolari AHeesen CSormani MPSalem SLehnert TRio JHeinz JChard DRahn ACRover CFriede TFittipaldo AVfalseTreatment effect modifiers of immunotherapies for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis-A systematic review and meta-analysis.<h4>Background</h4>This meta-analysis aimed to assess the treatment effects of immunotherapies in subgroups of adults with clinically isolated syndrome or relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and the effect of potential treatment effect modifiers (TEMs).<h4>Methods</h4>Phase 2 and 3 RCTs with a placebo comparator were analyzed. Risk of bias was assessed. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to summarize treatment effects within subgroups and differences in treatment effects between subgroups.<h4>Results</h4>Thirty-one studies were included. Age < 40 years was the strongest TEM for relapse rate across DMTs with a ratio of rate ratios (RRR) of 1.44 (95% CI 1.09-1.90; 7 studies). Disability progression was influenced by age (ratio of hazard ratios, RHR 1.59, 95% CI 1.11-2.29; 4 s2024-01-01T00:00:00Z2024 Oct-Dec2025-04-26T17:18:08.363Z2025-04-06T15:31:28.486ZS-EPMC115285643949342410.1177/20552173241274618