biostudies-literatureUnknown18(1)Parsafard NThis study presents the development and optimization of La@SnO<sub>2</sub>-CaO composite catalysts for efficient photocatalytic degradation of malachite green dye in aqueous solutions under UV-vis light irradiation. The catalysts were prepared via conventional incipient-wetness impregnation and thoroughly characterized using advanced analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, N<sub>2</sub> adsorption-desorption analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. To optimize photodegradation efficiency, the effects of three independent factors were systematically investigated using response surface methodology: Temperature, pH, and Sn/Ca molar ratio. Our results reveal optimal conditions for maximum dye degraBMC chemistry221https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC11545841biostudies-literatureLa-supported SnO<sub>2</sub>-CaO composite catalysts for efficient malachite green degradation under UV-vis light.PMC11545841Aghajari GParsafard NfalseLa-supported SnO<sub>2</sub>-CaO composite catalysts for efficient malachite green degradation under UV-vis light.This study presents the development and optimization of La@SnO<sub>2</sub>-CaO composite catalysts for efficient photocatalytic degradation of malachite green dye in aqueous solutions under UV-vis light irradiation. The catalysts were prepared via conventional incipient-wetness impregnation and thoroughly characterized using advanced analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, N<sub>2</sub> adsorption-desorption analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. To optimize photodegradation efficiency, the effects of three independent factors were systematically investigated using response surface methodology: Temperature, pH, and Sn/Ca molar ratio. Our results reveal optimal conditions for maximum dye degra2024-01-01T00:00:00Z2024 Nov2026-07-16T19:54:24.478Z2025-04-07T00:03:27.441ZS-EPMC115458413951168410.1186/s13065-024-01332-x