biostudies-literatureUnknown11Song S<h4>Objective</h4>Previous observational studies have suggested associations between various inflammatory cytokines with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy. However, the causal association remains uncertain.<h4>Method</h4>Summary statistics for type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy were obtained from a publicly available genome-wide association study. Data on inflammatory cytokines were sourced from a genome-wide association study on protein quantitative trait loci. The inverse variance-weighted method was applied as the primary method for causal inference. MR-Egger, weighted mode, and weighted median method were employed as supplementary analyses. Sensitivity analyses were performed to detect heterogeneity and potential horizontal pleiotropy in the study.<h4>ResFrontiers in medicine1459752https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC11580751biostudies-literatureAssociation of inflammatory cytokines with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.PMC11580751Ni JPu QYan QSong SZhang LYu JSun YfalseAssociation of inflammatory cytokines with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.<h4>Objective</h4>Previous observational studies have suggested associations between various inflammatory cytokines with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy. However, the causal association remains uncertain.<h4>Method</h4>Summary statistics for type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy were obtained from a publicly available genome-wide association study. Data on inflammatory cytokines were sourced from a genome-wide association study on protein quantitative trait loci. The inverse variance-weighted method was applied as the primary method for causal inference. MR-Egger, weighted mode, and weighted median method were employed as supplementary analyses. Sensitivity analyses were performed to detect heterogeneity and potential horizontal pleiotropy in the study.<h4>Res2024-01-01T00:00:00Z20242025-04-04T13:41:06.66Z2025-04-04T13:41:06.66ZS-EPMC115807513957490510.3389/fmed.2024.1459752