biostudies-literatureUnknown14(54)Rakhman DWhile zinc-ion and hybrid aqueous battery systems have emerged as potential substitutes for expensive lithium-ion batteries, issues like side reactions, limited electrochemical stability, and electrolyte leakage hinder their commercialization. Due to their low cost, high stability, minimal leakage risks, and a wide variety of modification opportunities, hydrogel electrolytes are considered the most promising solution compared to liquid or solid electrolytes. Here, we synthesized a dual-function hydrogel electrolyte based on polyacrylamide and poly(ethylene dioxythiophene):polystyrene (PPP). This electrolyte reduces water content and enhances stability by minimizing side reactions while swelling in a binary ethylene glycol and water solution (EG 10%) further stabilizes the battery system. The developed hydrogel exhibits relatively good ionic conductivity (1.6 × 10^-3 S cm^-1) and excellent electrochemical stability, surpassing 2.5 V on linear sweep voltammetry tests. The PPP-based system reached a value of 119.2 mA g^-1, while the aqueous electrolyte reached only 80.4 mA g^-1 specific capacity. The rechargeable PPP hydrogel electrolyte-based hybrid aqueous battery with zinc anode achieved more than 600 cycles. Coulombic efficiency (CE) remained at 99%, indicating good electrochemical reaction stability and reversibility. This study highlights the potential of polyacrylamide-based hydrogel electrolytes with dual functionality as the electrolyte and separator, inspiring further development in hydrogel electrolytes for aqueous battery systems. This study highlights the potential of polyacrylamide-based hydrogel electrolytes with dual functionality as the electrolyte and separator, inspiring further development in hydrogel electrolytes for aqueous battery systems.RSC advances40222-40233https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC11664367biostudies-literaturePolyacrylamide-based hydrogel electrolyte for modulating water activity in aqueous hybrid batteries.PMC11664367Zhumagali KUmirov NBatyrbekuly DMyrzakhmetov BSultan-Akhmetov OIssabek KBakenov ZRakhman DKonarov AfalsePolyacrylamide-based hydrogel electrolyte for modulating water activity in aqueous hybrid batteries.While zinc-ion and hybrid aqueous battery systems have emerged as potential substitutes for expensive lithium-ion batteries, issues like side reactions, limited electrochemical stability, and electrolyte leakage hinder their commercialization. Due to their low cost, high stability, minimal leakage risks, and a wide variety of modification opportunities, hydrogel electrolytes are considered the most promising solution compared to liquid or solid electrolytes. Here, we synthesized a dual-function hydrogel electrolyte based on polyacrylamide and poly(ethylene dioxythiophene):polystyrene (PPP). This electrolyte reduces water content and enhances stability by minimizing side reactions while swelling in a binary ethylene glycol and water solution (EG 10%) further stabilizes the battery system. The developed hydrogel exhibits relatively good ionic conductivity (1.6 × 10^-3 S cm^-1) and excellent electrochemical stability, surpassing 2.5 V on linear sweep voltammetry tests. The PPP-based system reached a value of 119.2 mA g^-1, while the aqueous electrolyte reached only 80.4 mA g^-1 specific capacity. The rechargeable PPP hydrogel electrolyte-based hybrid aqueous battery with zinc anode achieved more than 600 cycles. Coulombic efficiency (CE) remained at 99%, indicating good electrochemical reaction stability and reversibility. This study highlights the potential of polyacrylamide-based hydrogel electrolytes with dual functionality as the electrolyte and separator, inspiring further development in hydrogel electrolytes for aqueous battery systems. This study highlights the potential of polyacrylamide-based hydrogel electrolytes with dual functionality as the electrolyte and separator, inspiring further development in hydrogel electrolytes for aqueous battery systems.2024-01-01T00:00:00Z2024 Dec2025-04-04T20:28:54.587Z2025-04-04T20:28:54.587ZS-EPMC116643673971780210.1039/d4ra07551j