biostudies-literatureMandal SInstitute of Cancer Research; Data Science InitiativeSwiss National Science FoundationCancer Research UKe1012708https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC11756763biostudies-literatureUnknown21(1)The applications of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning (DL) are leading to significant advances in cancer research, particularly in analysing histopathology images for prognostic and treatment-predictive insights. However, effective translation of these computational methods requires computational researchers to have at least a basic understanding of histopathology. In this work, we aim to bridge that gap by introducing essential histopathology concepts to support AI developers in their research. We cover the defining features of key cell types, including epithelial, stromal, and immune cells. The concepts of malignancy, precursor lesions, and the tumour microenvironment (TME) are discussed and illustrated. To enhance understanding, we also introduce foundational histopathologyPLoS computational biologyThe tumour histopathology "glossary" for AI developers.PMC11756763DRCNPG-May21_100001P500PM_217647 / 1217647Graham TAMandal SBaker AMBrautigam KfalseThe tumour histopathology "glossary" for AI developers.The applications of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning (DL) are leading to significant advances in cancer research, particularly in analysing histopathology images for prognostic and treatment-predictive insights. However, effective translation of these computational methods requires computational researchers to have at least a basic understanding of histopathology. In this work, we aim to bridge that gap by introducing essential histopathology concepts to support AI developers in their research. We cover the defining features of key cell types, including epithelial, stromal, and immune cells. The concepts of malignancy, precursor lesions, and the tumour microenvironment (TME) are discussed and illustrated. To enhance understanding, we also introduce foundational histopathology2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Jan2025-04-21T23:54:03.883Z2025-04-05T19:23:59.146ZS-EPMC117567633984758210.1371/journal.pcbi.1012708