biostudies-literatureQi QResearch Institute for Advanced Manufacturing of the Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityNational Natural Science Foundation of China for Young Scholarse2410628https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC11775558biostudies-literatureUnknown12(4)Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) afford great promises as the next-generation rechargeable batteries due to the high energy density and low cost of sulfur cathodes. Lean-electrolyte condition constitutes the prerequisite for high-energy LSBs, but the insulating sulfur particles hinder capacity utilization, especially at low temperatures. Here, the electrochemical generation of liquid sulfur droplets in the LSB system are studied and elucidate the polysulfide oxidation reaction (SOR) kinetics under different electrolyte/sulfur (E/S) ratios and low-temperature conditions. The real-time observations under in situ optical and Raman microscopies indicate that the formation of liquid sulfur during SOR is independent of the E/S ratio and can be preserved over a wide range of operating temperaturesAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)Understanding the Dynamics of Sulfur Droplets Formation in Lean-Electrolyte and Low-Temperature Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.PMC11775558521023101-CDK1Lau SPLv WLaw WCShi FXu ZLMa YChen FYu JQi QfalseUnderstanding the Dynamics of Sulfur Droplets Formation in Lean-Electrolyte and Low-Temperature Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) afford great promises as the next-generation rechargeable batteries due to the high energy density and low cost of sulfur cathodes. Lean-electrolyte condition constitutes the prerequisite for high-energy LSBs, but the insulating sulfur particles hinder capacity utilization, especially at low temperatures. Here, the electrochemical generation of liquid sulfur droplets in the LSB system are studied and elucidate the polysulfide oxidation reaction (SOR) kinetics under different electrolyte/sulfur (E/S) ratios and low-temperature conditions. The real-time observations under in situ optical and Raman microscopies indicate that the formation of liquid sulfur during SOR is independent of the E/S ratio and can be preserved over a wide range of operating temperatures2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Jan2025-04-04T22:24:12.965Z2025-04-04T22:24:12.965ZS-EPMC117755583964144010.1002/advs.202410628