biostudies-literatureAwad AMinisterio de Universidades163https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC11940247biostudies-literatureUnknown15(3)In recent years, biosensors have emerged as a promising solution for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), offering automated systems for rapid chemical analyses with minimal pre-treatment requirements. The use of saliva as a biological sample matrix offers distinct advantages, including non-invasiveness, cost-effectiveness, and reduced susceptibility to fluid intake fluctuations compared to alternative methods. The aim of this study was to explore and compare two types of low-cost biosensors, namely, the colourimetric and electrochemical methodologies, for quantifying paracetamol (acetaminophen) concentrations within artificial saliva using the MediMeter app, which has been specifically developed for this application. The research encompassed extensive optimisations and methodological refineBiosensorsSmartphone Biosensors for Non-Invasive Drug Monitoring in Saliva.PMC11940247FPU20/01245Simon PEAlvarez-Lorenzo CBasit AWAlvarez ACGoyanes AAwad ARodriguez-Pombo LfalseSmartphone Biosensors for Non-Invasive Drug Monitoring in Saliva.In recent years, biosensors have emerged as a promising solution for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), offering automated systems for rapid chemical analyses with minimal pre-treatment requirements. The use of saliva as a biological sample matrix offers distinct advantages, including non-invasiveness, cost-effectiveness, and reduced susceptibility to fluid intake fluctuations compared to alternative methods. The aim of this study was to explore and compare two types of low-cost biosensors, namely, the colourimetric and electrochemical methodologies, for quantifying paracetamol (acetaminophen) concentrations within artificial saliva using the MediMeter app, which has been specifically developed for this application. The research encompassed extensive optimisations and methodological refine2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Mar2025-07-02T03:04:39.286Z2025-07-02T03:04:39.286ZS-EPMC119402474013696010.3390/bios15030163