biostudies-literatureUnknown33(1)Al Hashami ZSThe estrogen receptor (ERα) is expressed in 70%-80% of breast cancers and is a target of endocrine therapy. However, resistance to endocrine therapy poses a significant clinical challenge. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical players in oncogenesis and as modulators of therapy response. This review provides an overview of miRNAs that modulate anti-hormonal drug responses. We identified 56 miRNAs associated with resistance to endocrine therapy. These miRNAs had a total of 40 proven target genes that were grouped based on their function under currently known resistance mechanisms, including ER modulation, signaling pathway activation, cell-cycle modulation, and other mechanisms. For a limited number of miRNA-target gene interactions, the relevance of the identified target gene(s) was Molecular therapy. Oncology200941https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC11969448biostudies-literaturemiRNA-dependent resistance mechanisms to anti-hormonal therapies in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients.PMC11969448van den Berg AMourits MJEvan der Vegt BAl Hashami ZSKluiver JfalsemiRNA-dependent resistance mechanisms to anti-hormonal therapies in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients.The estrogen receptor (ERα) is expressed in 70%-80% of breast cancers and is a target of endocrine therapy. However, resistance to endocrine therapy poses a significant clinical challenge. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical players in oncogenesis and as modulators of therapy response. This review provides an overview of miRNAs that modulate anti-hormonal drug responses. We identified 56 miRNAs associated with resistance to endocrine therapy. These miRNAs had a total of 40 proven target genes that were grouped based on their function under currently known resistance mechanisms, including ER modulation, signaling pathway activation, cell-cycle modulation, and other mechanisms. For a limited number of miRNA-target gene interactions, the relevance of the identified target gene(s) was 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Mar2025-07-09T03:05:06.65Z2025-07-09T03:05:06.65ZS-EPMC119694484019035410.1016/j.omton.2025.200941