biostudies-literatureXu HShandong Provincial Natural Science FoundationChinese Society of Clinical Oncology-Gilead Cancer Research FoundationWu Jieping Medical FoundationNatural Science Foundation of Shandong ProvinceNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaBeijing Science and Technology Innovation Medical Development Foun-dationKey R&D Program of Shandong Provincethe Jinan Science and Technology Innovation Program of Clinical MedicineHealth Commission of Anhui Province Scientific Research Project2225-2236https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC11970544biostudies-literatureUnknown156(11)Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shifted the treatment paradigm of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) over the last decade. Despite notable therapeutic advancements in responders, the response rate remains limited owing to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Therefore, to improve the efficacy of ICIs, it is essential to explore alternative targets or signals that mediate immunosuppression. Immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT) 5 is a negative regulator of immune activation in myeloid cells. However, the expression and function of ILT5 in NSCLC remain unknown. Here, we found that ILT5 was highly expressed in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) of NSCLC tissues and predicted poor patient survival. Functionally, ILT5 induces the M2-like polarization of TAMs, which subseInternational journal of cancerImmunoglobulin-like transcript 5 polarizes M2-like tumor-associated macrophages for immunosuppression in non-small cell lung cancer.PMC119705442022CXGC010510ZR2021MH2688210334082103466320.6750.2023-05-51202225015320.6750.2023‐05‐51AHWJ2023BAc10031202134041AHWJ2023A30183KC2023-JX-0288-PQ88Y-Gilead2024-PT-0148Gao AZhang FLi JYang YHe YFu XWang SGe YZhang LXu HSun YfalseImmunoglobulin-like transcript 5 polarizes M2-like tumor-associated macrophages for immunosuppression in non-small cell lung cancer.Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shifted the treatment paradigm of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) over the last decade. Despite notable therapeutic advancements in responders, the response rate remains limited owing to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Therefore, to improve the efficacy of ICIs, it is essential to explore alternative targets or signals that mediate immunosuppression. Immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT) 5 is a negative regulator of immune activation in myeloid cells. However, the expression and function of ILT5 in NSCLC remain unknown. Here, we found that ILT5 was highly expressed in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) of NSCLC tissues and predicted poor patient survival. Functionally, ILT5 induces the M2-like polarization of TAMs, which subse2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Jun2026-07-15T11:02:15.053Z2025-07-09T03:05:05.651ZS-EPMC119705443991065410.1002/ijc.35360