biostudies-literatureBelsley GNIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreEngineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), Medical Research Council (MRC)2331-2345https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC11971508biostudies-literatureUnknown93(6)<h4>Purpose</h4>To develop an accurate and precise liver 3D T1$$ {T}_1 $$ mapping method using only scanner-agnostic sequences.<h4>Methods</h4>While the spoiled gradient-recalled echo sequence is widely available on clinical scanners, variable flip angle T1$$ {T}_1 $$ mapping methods based on this sequence provide biased T1$$ {T}_1 $$ estimates, with the largest systematic error arising from B1+$$ {B}_1^{+} $$ inhomogeneities. To correct for this, the flip angle was mapped using a 2D gradient-echo double-angle method approach. To correct for the confounding effect of fat on liver T1$$ {T}_1 $$ and B1+$$ {B}_1^{+} $$ , Dixon and fat saturation techniques were used in combination with the variable flip angle and the B1+$$ {B}_1^{+} $$ map acquisitions, respectively. The T1$$ {T}_1 $$ and B1+Magnetic resonance in medicineAccurate and precise in vivo liver 3D T&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; mapping at 3T.PMC11971508EP/L016052/1Tyler DJTunnicliffe EMBelsley GRobson MDMozes FEfalseAccurate and precise in vivo liver 3D T&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; mapping at 3T.<h4>Purpose</h4>To develop an accurate and precise liver 3D T1$$ {T}_1 $$ mapping method using only scanner-agnostic sequences.<h4>Methods</h4>While the spoiled gradient-recalled echo sequence is widely available on clinical scanners, variable flip angle T1$$ {T}_1 $$ mapping methods based on this sequence provide biased T1$$ {T}_1 $$ estimates, with the largest systematic error arising from B1+$$ {B}_1^{+} $$ inhomogeneities. To correct for this, the flip angle was mapped using a 2D gradient-echo double-angle method approach. To correct for the confounding effect of fat on liver T1$$ {T}_1 $$ and B1+$$ {B}_1^{+} $$ , Dixon and fat saturation techniques were used in combination with the variable flip angle and the B1+$$ {B}_1^{+} $$ map acquisitions, respectively. The T1$$ {T}_1 $$ and B1+2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Jun2025-07-08T03:13:38.555Z2025-07-08T03:13:38.555ZS-EPMC119715083990259410.1002/mrm.30448