biostudies-literatureLang JWestern Australian State Government, and the MRFFMurdoch UniversityAgencia Estatal de InvestigaciónDepartment of Jobs, Tourism, Science and Innovation, Government of Western Australia421-433https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12003606biostudies-literatureUnknown103(4)COVID-19 vaccines are crucial in reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission and severe health outcomes. Despite widespread administration, their long-term systemic effects on human metabolism remain inadequately understood. This longitudinal study aims to evaluate IgG responses, 34 cytokines, 112 lipoproteins, and 21 low-molecular-weight metabolites in 33 individuals receiving two to four COVID-19 vaccine doses. Changes in metabolic profiles for the first 16 days post each dose of vaccine, and up to 480 days post-initial dose, were compared to baseline (before vaccination). Additionally, metabolic profiles of vaccinated participants were compared to a reference cohort of unvaccinated individuals without prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection (controls) and SARS-CoV-2 cases. Positive IgG responses weJournal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)Longitudinal study on immunologic, lipoproteomic, and inflammatory responses indicates the safety of sequential COVID-19 vaccination.PMC12003606PID2021-124171OB-I002014349Lang JRyan MNitschke PBernal ABong SHWist JMillet OLoo RLEgan SImrie AMasuda RHolmes ENicholson JLee ACHall DfalseLongitudinal study on immunologic, lipoproteomic, and inflammatory responses indicates the safety of sequential COVID-19 vaccination.COVID-19 vaccines are crucial in reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission and severe health outcomes. Despite widespread administration, their long-term systemic effects on human metabolism remain inadequately understood. This longitudinal study aims to evaluate IgG responses, 34 cytokines, 112 lipoproteins, and 21 low-molecular-weight metabolites in 33 individuals receiving two to four COVID-19 vaccine doses. Changes in metabolic profiles for the first 16 days post each dose of vaccine, and up to 480 days post-initial dose, were compared to baseline (before vaccination). Additionally, metabolic profiles of vaccinated participants were compared to a reference cohort of unvaccinated individuals without prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection (controls) and SARS-CoV-2 cases. Positive IgG responses we2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Apr2025-07-03T03:04:42.899Z2025-07-03T03:04:42.899ZS-EPMC120036064007487410.1007/s00109-025-02527-y