biostudies-literatureLiu Dthe "Shu-Guang Scholar Programme" from Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, the "Shanghai Municipal Education Commission-Gaofeng Clinical Medicine Grant Support" from Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineNational Key R&D Program of ChinaNoncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major ProjectNational Natural Science Foundation of China170https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12008983biostudies-literatureUnknown24(1)<h4>Background</h4>Delineating the causal chain effects of reproductive traits and fat- and muscle-related traits on cardiovascular disease (CVD) is essential for optimizing precision prevention and control of cardiovascular health in women.<h4>Methods</h4>In this study, we applied the two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses and two-step MR framework to investigate the causal chain effects and the mediating effect pathways among reproductive factors and fat- and muscle-related traits on CVD outcomes in women, applying the genome-wide association study summary statistics of 16 women's reproductive traits across puberty and pre-pregnancy, pregnancy and postpartum, and menopausal transition stages, 16 women's fat- and muscle-related traits, and five CVD outcomes of coronary artery diCardiovascular diabetologyChain effect of lifecourse reproductive characteristics and body fat and muscle on cardiovascular disease in women: a Mendelian randomization study.PMC1200898320171901 Round 282370820, 82088102, and 819300212023ZD05086032023YFC2506700Kong LXu MZhu ZYe CChen MZhao ZLi MNing GZheng JLu JWang TChen YWang WLiu DDou CXu YBi YfalseChain effect of lifecourse reproductive characteristics and body fat and muscle on cardiovascular disease in women: a Mendelian randomization study.<h4>Background</h4>Delineating the causal chain effects of reproductive traits and fat- and muscle-related traits on cardiovascular disease (CVD) is essential for optimizing precision prevention and control of cardiovascular health in women.<h4>Methods</h4>In this study, we applied the two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses and two-step MR framework to investigate the causal chain effects and the mediating effect pathways among reproductive factors and fat- and muscle-related traits on CVD outcomes in women, applying the genome-wide association study summary statistics of 16 women's reproductive traits across puberty and pre-pregnancy, pregnancy and postpartum, and menopausal transition stages, 16 women's fat- and muscle-related traits, and five CVD outcomes of coronary artery di2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Apr2025-07-03T03:04:53.163Z2025-07-03T03:04:53.163ZS-EPMC120089834025156010.1186/s12933-025-02681-0