biostudies-literatureCordier QEuropean Research Council330-338https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12013565biostudies-literatureUnknown34(5)To improve patient safety, surgeons can continually monitor the surgical outcomes of their patients. To this end, they can use statistical process control tools, which primarily originated in the manufacturing industry and are now widely used in healthcare. These tools belong to a broad family, making it challenging to identify the most suitable methodology to monitor surgical outcomes. The selected tools must balance statistical rigour with surgeon usability, enabling both statistical interpretation of trends over time and comprehensibility for the surgeons, their primary users. On one hand, the observed minus expected (O-E) chart is a simple and intuitive tool that allows surgeons without statistical expertise to view and interpret their activity; however, it may not possess the sophistiBMJ quality & safetyRisk-adjusted observed minus expected cumulative sum (RA O-E CUSUM) chart for visualisation and monitoring of surgical outcomes.PMC12013565Grant agreement No. 801660 - TopSurgeons - ERC-201Maury JMGorioux RDemian HObadia JFMohkam KPhilip CAAwtry JCormont EBadet LPrieur HHoen NCrouzet SDutheil XLesurtel MPozzi MDagnino FPassot GVaudoyer DPasquer AFrancois YPoncet GCordier QSebaoui SCrepet LBLouboutin LLifante JCMorel-Journel NGunst SNohuz EMaillard LGertych WVola MTop Surgeons Study GroupSoelling SCortet MChollet FNunes ARobert MRuffion ASkinner SPascal LDuclos ADey TCarrerre MLamblin GCannarella OCharlot KWarembourg SRongieras FTronc FCloud VFarhat FMabrut JYPibarot VPolazzi SSchlatter SMazza SPelascini ETrinh QDVilleneuve LViste AServien EChene GHermine MStelzl DKepenekian VBates DWGoutard CAChaudier PCarnicelli DCruz KILustig SGolfier FCotte EFassier JBfalseRisk-adjusted observed minus expected cumulative sum (RA O-E CUSUM) chart for visualisation and monitoring of surgical outcomes.To improve patient safety, surgeons can continually monitor the surgical outcomes of their patients. To this end, they can use statistical process control tools, which primarily originated in the manufacturing industry and are now widely used in healthcare. These tools belong to a broad family, making it challenging to identify the most suitable methodology to monitor surgical outcomes. The selected tools must balance statistical rigour with surgeon usability, enabling both statistical interpretation of trends over time and comprehensibility for the surgeons, their primary users. On one hand, the observed minus expected (O-E) chart is a simple and intuitive tool that allows surgeons without statistical expertise to view and interpret their activity; however, it may not possess the sophisti2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Apr2025-07-01T03:05:32.087Z2025-07-01T03:05:32.087ZS-EPMC120135653958661010.1136/bmjqs-2024-017935