biostudies-literatureGhafoor HPakistan Science Foundation36https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12031827biostudies-literatureUnknown36(1)Surgical Site infections (SSIs) affect up to 5% of surgical procedures, posing a significant postoperative complication. This study aims to develop and evaluate antibacterial clove/gelatin-coated sutures to reduce SSI infection. Clove extract, known for its antimicrobial properties, was incorporated into a gelatin matrix as a biocompatible coating for silk-braided sutures. Sutures were dip-coated in clove/gelatin solutions at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20%. The surface morphology, chemical composition, and mechanical strength of the coated suture were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and tensile testing. Antimicrobial efficacy was assessed via zone-of-inhibition assays against (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis). The 20% Clove/gelatin coating exhibited the highest antibacterial activity (17.5 ± 0.875 mm) and demonstrated low cytotoxicity in MTT assay with human primary dermal fibroblast. Hemolytic assays revealed that all composite concentrations resulted in <1% hemolytic activity. Approximately 93% of drug release was observed in 20% formulation within 72 h which is promising results compared with untreated sutures. Based on its superior antibacterial performance, the 20% formulation was selected for in vivo studies. In a rat abdominal incision model, wounds closed with coated sutures exhibited complete healing, while those closed with uncoated sutures remained partially healed. These findings highlight the potential of clove/gelatin-coated sutures for enhanced antimicrobial protection and improved wound healing in surgical applications.Journal of materials science. Materials in medicineSynthesis and characterization of clove/gelatin coated silk sutures for surgical site infection and wound healing.PMC12031827PSF grant (PSF/Res/C-NUST/Med 521).Ghafoor HButt MSfalseSynthesis and characterization of clove/gelatin coated silk sutures for surgical site infection and wound healing.Surgical Site infections (SSIs) affect up to 5% of surgical procedures, posing a significant postoperative complication. This study aims to develop and evaluate antibacterial clove/gelatin-coated sutures to reduce SSI infection. Clove extract, known for its antimicrobial properties, was incorporated into a gelatin matrix as a biocompatible coating for silk-braided sutures. Sutures were dip-coated in clove/gelatin solutions at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20%. The surface morphology, chemical composition, and mechanical strength of the coated suture were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and tensile testing. Antimicrobial efficacy was assessed via zone-of-inhibition assays against (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis). The 20% Clove/gelatin coating exhibited the highest antibacterial activity (17.5 ± 0.875 mm) and demonstrated low cytotoxicity in MTT assay with human primary dermal fibroblast. Hemolytic assays revealed that all composite concentrations resulted in <1% hemolytic activity. Approximately 93% of drug release was observed in 20% formulation within 72 h which is promising results compared with untreated sutures. Based on its superior antibacterial performance, the 20% formulation was selected for in vivo studies. In a rat abdominal incision model, wounds closed with coated sutures exhibited complete healing, while those closed with uncoated sutures remained partially healed. These findings highlight the potential of clove/gelatin-coated sutures for enhanced antimicrobial protection and improved wound healing in surgical applications.2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Apr2026-06-06T17:40:12.02Z2026-06-03T03:10:34.186ZS-EPMC120318274027894410.1007/s10856-025-06886-3