{"database":"biostudies-literature","file_versions":[],"scores":null,"additional":{"submitter":["Yoo D"],"funding":["NIA NIH HHS","NIAID NIH HHS","NIMH NIH HHS","NHGRI NIH HHS","NLM NIH HHS","NIH HHS","NIGMS NIH HHS"],"pagination":["401-418"],"full_dataset_link":["https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12058530"],"repository":["biostudies-literature"],"omics_type":["Unknown"],"volume":["641(8062)"],"pubmed_abstract":["The most dynamic and repetitive regions of great ape genomes have traditionally been excluded from comparative studies<sup>1-3</sup>. Consequently, our understanding of the evolution of our species is incomplete. Here we present haplotype-resolved reference genomes and comparative analyses of six ape species: chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, Bornean orangutan, Sumatran orangutan and siamang. We achieve chromosome-level contiguity with substantial sequence accuracy (<1 error in 2.7 megabases) and completely sequence 215 gapless chromosomes telomere-to-telomere. We resolve challenging regions, such as the major histocompatibility complex and immunoglobulin loci, to provide in-depth evolutionary insights. Comparative analyses enabled investigations of the evolution and diversity of regions previo"],"journal":["Nature"],"pubmed_title":["Complete sequencing of ape genomes."],"pmcid":["PMC12058530"],"funding_grant_id":["P20 GM139769","R35 GM146926","R56 AG056169","R35 GM146886","P51 OD011092","R01 AG056169","T15 LM007093","R01 HG002385","R01 MH120295","R35 GM151945","P01 AI152999","U24 HG007497","R35 GM151348","R35 GM142916","R01 HG007352","R35 GM133600","U24 HG010263","U41 HG007234","R35 GM133747","UH3 AG064706","T32 HG012344","R01 HG010329","R01 HG010169","R35 HG011332","U19 AG023122","R01 GM123312"],"pubmed_authors":["Zhao SA","Crawford J","Malukiewicz J","Son DR","Zhang S","Feschotte C","Torres-Gonzalez E","Zhang P","Lees W","Logsdon GA","Brannan E","Loh YHE","Sacco S","Lewis AP","Jeong H","Loftus M","Rocha JL","Canzar S","Munson KM","Ryder OA","Guarracino A","Bankevich A","Montinaro F","Lin J","Potapova T","Engelbrecht E","Rivas-Gonzalez I","Schork NJ","Steiner C","Zhu Y","Yi SV","Hebbar P","Masterson P","Sasaki T","Schatz MC","Rhie A","Wei W","Kamali K","Thibaud-Nissen F","Meyer BS","McGrath B","Lowe CB","Diekhans M","Lee C","Hiller M","Koren S","Biddanda A","Pickett BD","de Gennaro L","Wertz J","Hickey G","Miga KH","Garrison E","Szpiech ZA","Balachandran P","Kellis M","Tassia MG","Pal K","Saha S","Huber CD","Phillippy AM","Sequeira AN","Carrel L","Loucks H","Han J","Lee Y","Watson CT","Pennell M","Pevzner PA","Haddad D","Paten B","Green RE","Ventura M","Antipov D","O'Neill RJ","Safonova Y","Brooks SY","McCoy RC","Gupta I","Houck ML","Solar SJ","Mangan RJ","Jarvis ED","Gilbert D","Yang M","Garcia GH","Storer JM","Li Q","Lenz TL","Ringeling FR","Trivedi M","Molloy E","Borchers M","Monfort Anez G","Bouffard GG","McKinney S","Shanks C","Sudmant PH","Formenti G","Smeds L","Yoo D","Sweeten AP","Martinez JFI","Antonacci F","Kille B","Mao Y","Chan AP","Hoekzema K","Makova KD","Harris RS","Porubsky D","Konkel MK","Carbone L","Mohanty SK","Hartley GA","Zhang Z","Harvey WT","Zhang Y","Eichler EE","Luo Y","Ma J","Gerton JL","Beck CR"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"Complete sequencing of ape genomes.","description":"The most dynamic and repetitive regions of great ape genomes have traditionally been excluded from comparative studies<sup>1-3</sup>. Consequently, our understanding of the evolution of our species is incomplete. Here we present haplotype-resolved reference genomes and comparative analyses of six ape species: chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, Bornean orangutan, Sumatran orangutan and siamang. We achieve chromosome-level contiguity with substantial sequence accuracy (<1 error in 2.7 megabases) and completely sequence 215 gapless chromosomes telomere-to-telomere. We resolve challenging regions, such as the major histocompatibility complex and immunoglobulin loci, to provide in-depth evolutionary insights. Comparative analyses enabled investigations of the evolution and diversity of regions previo","dates":{"release":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","publication":"2025 May","modification":"2026-06-01T14:51:00.536Z","creation":"2026-04-08T13:28:32.586Z"},"accession":"S-EPMC12058530","cross_references":{"pubmed":["40205052"],"doi":["10.1038/s41586-025-08816-3"]}}