biostudies-literatureUnknown20(5)Silva-Beltran NPPropolis is a resinous substance collected by honeybees and is mostly composed of polyphenols which vary by geographical location. This study investigated the possible mechanism of action of phenolic compounds of Brazilian and Mexican green and red propolis against two non-enveloped viruses. Bacteriophage surrogates, ΦX174 and MS2 were used to assess antiviral properties. Propolis samples were characterized by performing a phenolic profile using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), which included 12 phenolic compounds such as phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, phenols, and phenolic. Quercetin, eugenol, kaempferol and naringenin were the most abundant compounds found in propolis. In silico molecular docking was also conducted to determine binding energy and molecular interaction and pPloS onee0323129https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12074604biostudies-literatureBrazilian and Mexican propolis and their possible mechanism of action against non-enveloped viruses.PMC12074604Dominguez-Ramirez LBoone SAIjaz MKCira-Chavez LAGerba CPMckinney JSilva-Beltran NPfalseBrazilian and Mexican propolis and their possible mechanism of action against non-enveloped viruses.Propolis is a resinous substance collected by honeybees and is mostly composed of polyphenols which vary by geographical location. This study investigated the possible mechanism of action of phenolic compounds of Brazilian and Mexican green and red propolis against two non-enveloped viruses. Bacteriophage surrogates, ΦX174 and MS2 were used to assess antiviral properties. Propolis samples were characterized by performing a phenolic profile using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), which included 12 phenolic compounds such as phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, phenols, and phenolic. Quercetin, eugenol, kaempferol and naringenin were the most abundant compounds found in propolis. In silico molecular docking was also conducted to determine binding energy and molecular interaction and p2025-01-01T00:00:00Z20252026-06-01T05:55:54.405Z2026-04-08T09:45:48.175ZS-EPMC120746044035941910.1371/journal.pone.0323129