biostudies-literatureJui EAmerican Heart AssociationFoundation for the National Institutes of HealthNHLBI NIH HHSNational Science Foundation2932-2947https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12263115biostudies-literatureUnknown52(11)Macrophages are innate immune cells that are known for their extreme plasticity, enabling diverse phenotypes that lie on a continuum. In a simplified model, they switch between pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes depending on surrounding microenvironmental cues, which have been implicated in disease outcomes. Although considerable research has been focused on macrophage response to biochemical cues and mechanical signals, there is a scarcity of knowledge surrounding their behavior in response to shear stress. In this study, we applied varying magnitudes of shear stress on human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) using a cone-and-plate viscometer and evaluated changes in morphology, gene expression, protein expression, and cytokine secretion over time. MDMs exposed Annals of biomedical engineeringShear Stress Induces a Time-Dependent Inflammatory Response in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages.PMC1226311520UFEL35260054R01 HL140305RO1 HL140305Graduate Research Fellowship ProgramKeswani SGGrande-Allen KJSingampalli KLJui EBirla RKKingsley GConnell JPPhan HKTfalseShear Stress Induces a Time-Dependent Inflammatory Response in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages.Macrophages are innate immune cells that are known for their extreme plasticity, enabling diverse phenotypes that lie on a continuum. In a simplified model, they switch between pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes depending on surrounding microenvironmental cues, which have been implicated in disease outcomes. Although considerable research has been focused on macrophage response to biochemical cues and mechanical signals, there is a scarcity of knowledge surrounding their behavior in response to shear stress. In this study, we applied varying magnitudes of shear stress on human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) using a cone-and-plate viscometer and evaluated changes in morphology, gene expression, protein expression, and cytokine secretion over time. MDMs exposed 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z2024 Nov2026-06-03T02:59:39.306Z2026-04-23T03:13:15.38ZS-EPMC122631153928925810.1007/s10439-024-03546-5