biostudies-literatureUnknown15(1)Maleki HHRain-fed regions have a low quantity of rainfall with an asymmetric distribution. Therefore, by promoting plants like Lathyrus sativus L., as a legume adapted to unfavorable environments, genotypes with high fodder capacity under such conditions would assist food security worldwide. Here, 16 grass pea genotypes were examined in four rain-fed regions during 2016-2017, 2017-2018, and 2018-2019. Dry fodder yield (DY), plant height (PH), days to flowering (DF), and wet fodder yield (WY) were recorded across 12 test environments. Regarding MLM analysis of variance, LRT_ENV and LRT_ENV×GEN were significant for all studied traits. Phenotypic variance ranged between 1.42 (DY) to 86.9 (PH). Results showed the possibility of grass pea improvement through selection regarding calcuScientific reports27379https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12304464biostudies-literatureUncovering rain-fed resilience power of grass pea in Iran using AMMI, BLUP, and multi-trait stability parameters.PMC12304464Maleki HHPirooz RDadashi SNiedbala GModareskia MVaezi BDarvishzadeh RfalseUncovering rain-fed resilience power of grass pea in Iran using AMMI, BLUP, and multi-trait stability parameters.Rain-fed regions have a low quantity of rainfall with an asymmetric distribution. Therefore, by promoting plants like Lathyrus sativus L., as a legume adapted to unfavorable environments, genotypes with high fodder capacity under such conditions would assist food security worldwide. Here, 16 grass pea genotypes were examined in four rain-fed regions during 2016-2017, 2017-2018, and 2018-2019. Dry fodder yield (DY), plant height (PH), days to flowering (DF), and wet fodder yield (WY) were recorded across 12 test environments. Regarding MLM analysis of variance, LRT_ENV and LRT_ENV×GEN were significant for all studied traits. Phenotypic variance ranged between 1.42 (DY) to 86.9 (PH). Results showed the possibility of grass pea improvement through selection regarding calcu2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Jul2026-03-31T10:46:54.712Z2025-08-28T03:06:00.341ZS-EPMC123044644072148910.1038/s41598-025-13756-z