biostudies-literatureLee SEMinistry of Science and ICT, South KoreaKorea Institute of Science and Technologye2500597https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12333479biostudies-literatureUnknown14(20)The surface properties of the epidermis are crucial in pathogen adhesion and proliferation. Moreover, damage to the epidermis caused by various physical and chemical attacks provides a favorable environment for pathogen penetration and proliferation through the exposed internal living tissue. Surface modification of the epidermis to impart anti-biofouling properties can provide effective protection against infections. In this study, a facile method of imparting multiple anti-biofouling functions by directly modifying the epidermal surface of an organism using dopamine, which is a mussel-inspired substance, is introduced. Biocompatible polydopamine (PDA) is uniformly applied to organic surfaces with diverse morphological features and surface energies, indicating its versatility. In additionAdvanced healthcare materialsDirect Surface Modification of the Epidermis Using Mussel-Inspired Polydopamine with Multiple Anti-Biofouling Functions.PMC123334792E33111RS-2024-00347619RS-2024-00452380RS-2023-00209955RS-2025-00513522RS-2024-00406240RS-2024-004071552E32345Kim JMOh JKKim BHPark JHChoi HKim HHan SHLee SELee HOh YTPark SJin HJJo HJKim JHLee KHfalseDirect Surface Modification of the Epidermis Using Mussel-Inspired Polydopamine with Multiple Anti-Biofouling Functions.The surface properties of the epidermis are crucial in pathogen adhesion and proliferation. Moreover, damage to the epidermis caused by various physical and chemical attacks provides a favorable environment for pathogen penetration and proliferation through the exposed internal living tissue. Surface modification of the epidermis to impart anti-biofouling properties can provide effective protection against infections. In this study, a facile method of imparting multiple anti-biofouling functions by directly modifying the epidermal surface of an organism using dopamine, which is a mussel-inspired substance, is introduced. Biocompatible polydopamine (PDA) is uniformly applied to organic surfaces with diverse morphological features and surface energies, indicating its versatility. In addition2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Aug2026-05-01T08:51:21.648Z2026-04-07T16:46:34.929ZS-EPMC123334794041187710.1002/adhm.202500597