biostudies-literatureCuervo PFCIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ISCIII, Ministry of Science and EducationPrograma PROMETEO de Ayudas para Grupos de Investigación de Excelencia, Generalitat ValencianaFondo para la Investigación CientÃfica y Tecnológica (FONCYT), Agencia Nacional de Promoción CientÃfica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT)Marie SkÅ‚odowska-Curie Actions programmeVII Convocatoria de Proyectos de Cooperación al Desarrollo 2024, University of ValenciaSubprograma Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento de la Acción Estratégica en Salud (AES) y Fondos FEDER, Plan Estatal de Investigación CientÃfica y Técnica y de Innovación, ISCIII-MINECOAPOSTD/2022e0013433https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12377589biostudies-literatureUnknown19(8)The impact of global warming on the transmission of fascioliasis, a highly pathogenic zoonotic snail-borne disease, was already highlighted during the 2010's. However, since then, only a few studies have tried to relate the climatic change with the uprise of outbreaks in endemic areas of animal or human fascioliasis. This might be because assessing the consequences of a changing climate on the spread of fascioliasis is extremely challenging, as it presents the widest latitudinal, longitudinal and altitudinal distribution known for a snail-borne disease. In the Americas, where it is only caused by Fasciola hepatica, the disease is widespread throughout the continent, except in its southernmost extremity in the Patagonia region, which was believed to be due to the too low temperatures. Though, recent empirical evidence indicates an ongoing spread of the disease into more southern latitudes. The present study aims to assess the long-term evolution of climate change factors and forecast indices throughout this extreme South American region to conclude whether their impact might have been the cause of the southward expansion of the fascioliasis endemic area. The use of seasonal-trend decomposition analyses and of spatial interpolation techniques demonstrated a remarkable climatic change in the Patagonia region allowing to clarify the southern spread of the disease. This is the first study highlighting a clear link between the consequences of a changing climate and the spread of a fascioliasis endemic area and its transmission risk to extreme latitudes. Moreover, it provides some crucial recommendations and concerns regarding the application and interpretation of two widely applied climatic forecast indices. If current climate trends persist, this geographical expansion is expected to progress further. These findings not only provide critical insight into local disease dynamics but also underscore the broader implications of climate-driven changes in the distribution of snail-borne diseases globally.PLoS neglected tropical diseasesImpact of climate change on the spread of fascioliasis into the extreme south of South America.PMC12377589CIAPOS/2021/134CB21/13/000562021/004PICT-2017-1361Project RCN 242718, grant ID 101062347Health Research Project PI16/005202024/12Bargues MDMas-Coma SCuervo PFArtigas PFantozzi MCMera Y Sierra RfalseImpact of climate change on the spread of fascioliasis into the extreme south of South America.The impact of global warming on the transmission of fascioliasis, a highly pathogenic zoonotic snail-borne disease, was already highlighted during the 2010's. However, since then, only a few studies have tried to relate the climatic change with the uprise of outbreaks in endemic areas of animal or human fascioliasis. This might be because assessing the consequences of a changing climate on the spread of fascioliasis is extremely challenging, as it presents the widest latitudinal, longitudinal and altitudinal distribution known for a snail-borne disease. In the Americas, where it is only caused by Fasciola hepatica, the disease is widespread throughout the continent, except in its southernmost extremity in the Patagonia region, which was believed to be due to the too low temperatures. Though, recent empirical evidence indicates an ongoing spread of the disease into more southern latitudes. The present study aims to assess the long-term evolution of climate change factors and forecast indices throughout this extreme South American region to conclude whether their impact might have been the cause of the southward expansion of the fascioliasis endemic area. The use of seasonal-trend decomposition analyses and of spatial interpolation techniques demonstrated a remarkable climatic change in the Patagonia region allowing to clarify the southern spread of the disease. This is the first study highlighting a clear link between the consequences of a changing climate and the spread of a fascioliasis endemic area and its transmission risk to extreme latitudes. Moreover, it provides some crucial recommendations and concerns regarding the application and interpretation of two widely applied climatic forecast indices. If current climate trends persist, this geographical expansion is expected to progress further. These findings not only provide critical insight into local disease dynamics but also underscore the broader implications of climate-driven changes in the distribution of snail-borne diseases globally.2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Aug2026-05-09T19:15:22.403Z2026-04-08T01:09:54.771ZS-EPMC123775894082505810.1371/journal.pntd.0013433