biostudies-literatureUnknown16Campodonico EHemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a hyper-inflammatory syndrome characterized by deficient NK-cell activity, cytokine storm and altered T-cell immunity, potentially sustained by multiple triggers. Recently, a hyperinflammatory condition resembling HLH has emerged as a potential complication of CAR T-cells. HLH represents a diagnostic conundrum due to its rarity, non-specific presentation and lack of validated biomarkers. We investigated a panel of serum cytokines which represent candidate markers to diagnose HLH after CAR-T. We analyzed 2 patients affected by B-cell lymphomas who received anti-CD19 CAR-T and developed HLH defined according to multiple diagnostic criteria. We identified four controls who did not develop HLH: one with CRS without cytopenia, one with cytopenia with Frontiers in immunology1635062https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12390792biostudies-literatureBiomarkers for an early diagnosis of immune effector cell associated-hemophagocytic syndrome.PMC12390792Lupo Stanghellini MTRuggeri AAngelillo PNoviello MDoglio MCarrabba MGBruno APedica FBergonzi GMPeccatori JCiceri FDiral ECorti CFerreri AJMBonini CGreco RCampodonico ELazzari LUgolini ATassi EPonzoni MfalseBiomarkers for an early diagnosis of immune effector cell associated-hemophagocytic syndrome.Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a hyper-inflammatory syndrome characterized by deficient NK-cell activity, cytokine storm and altered T-cell immunity, potentially sustained by multiple triggers. Recently, a hyperinflammatory condition resembling HLH has emerged as a potential complication of CAR T-cells. HLH represents a diagnostic conundrum due to its rarity, non-specific presentation and lack of validated biomarkers. We investigated a panel of serum cytokines which represent candidate markers to diagnose HLH after CAR-T. We analyzed 2 patients affected by B-cell lymphomas who received anti-CD19 CAR-T and developed HLH defined according to multiple diagnostic criteria. We identified four controls who did not develop HLH: one with CRS without cytopenia, one with cytopenia with 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z20252026-05-29T15:15:45.067Z2026-04-08T05:12:12.67ZS-EPMC123907924089554910.3389/fimmu.2025.1635062