biostudies-literatureUnknown7van den Brand ADIn chemical risk assessment the human relevance of adverse health effects observed in experimental animal studies and the underlying toxicological mechanisms, i.e., adverse outcome pathways is often assumed, unless evidence suggests otherwise. Yet, detailed systematic guidance as to how human relevance of perturbed AOPs should be assessed and which data or information should be considered is lacking. Building on previous work we present a refined workflow for human relevance assessment of AOPs and associated new approach methodologies The updated workflow structurally defines the required information for assessing the human relevance of the AOP by means of biological and empirical considerations. Furthermore, the modified workflow better guides assessment of the relevance of NAMs. This is Frontiers in toxicology1616817https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12392633biostudies-literatureRefinement of a workflow for human relevance assessment of adverse outcome pathways and associated new approach methodologies.PMC12392633van den Brand ADMeerman JJVeltman CHJLuijten MfalseRefinement of a workflow for human relevance assessment of adverse outcome pathways and associated new approach methodologies.In chemical risk assessment the human relevance of adverse health effects observed in experimental animal studies and the underlying toxicological mechanisms, i.e., adverse outcome pathways is often assumed, unless evidence suggests otherwise. Yet, detailed systematic guidance as to how human relevance of perturbed AOPs should be assessed and which data or information should be considered is lacking. Building on previous work we present a refined workflow for human relevance assessment of AOPs and associated new approach methodologies The updated workflow structurally defines the required information for assessing the human relevance of the AOP by means of biological and empirical considerations. Furthermore, the modified workflow better guides assessment of the relevance of NAMs. This is 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z20252026-05-29T15:09:48.639Z2026-04-08T05:07:55.344ZS-EPMC123926334089673110.3389/ftox.2025.1616817