biostudies-literatureUnknown15(38)Laghari AJThe increasing demand for efficient energy conversion and storage systems necessitates the development of high-performance, cost-effective electrode materials. To address this challenge, we employed rotten <i>Solanum melongena</i> (eggplant) juice as a precursor for the fabrication of low-cost, earth-abundant, and active electrode materials based on cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄) nanostructures. Different volumes of rotten <i>Solanum melongena</i> juice (5 mL, 10 mL, 15 mL, and 20 mL) were utilized during the precipitation process to synthesize Co₃O₄ nanostructures. These nanostructures were characterized in terms of crystal quality, surface morphology, surface chemical composition, and electrochemical properties. Notably, the synthesis using 15 mL of rottRSC advances31107-31121https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12402886biostudies-literatureFacile preparation of cobalt-oxide nanostructures with enriched cobalt(ii) ion surface using &lt;i&gt;Solanum melongena&lt;/i&gt; for energy application.PMC12402886Ibrahim RMVigolo BAftab UBhatti MAAbro MITahira AEmo MDawi ELaghari AJIbupoto ZHInfantes-Molina AfalseFacile preparation of cobalt-oxide nanostructures with enriched cobalt(ii) ion surface using &lt;i&gt;Solanum melongena&lt;/i&gt; for energy application.The increasing demand for efficient energy conversion and storage systems necessitates the development of high-performance, cost-effective electrode materials. To address this challenge, we employed rotten <i>Solanum melongena</i> (eggplant) juice as a precursor for the fabrication of low-cost, earth-abundant, and active electrode materials based on cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄) nanostructures. Different volumes of rotten <i>Solanum melongena</i> juice (5 mL, 10 mL, 15 mL, and 20 mL) were utilized during the precipitation process to synthesize Co₃O₄ nanostructures. These nanostructures were characterized in terms of crystal quality, surface morphology, surface chemical composition, and electrochemical properties. Notably, the synthesis using 15 mL of rott2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Aug2026-05-29T21:35:35.767Z2026-04-08T06:03:33.147ZS-EPMC124028864090484910.1039/d5ra02960k