biostudies-literatureUnknown15(39)Fotsop CGThis work elucidates the thermo-kinetics of the thermal conversion of cameroonian kaolin to metakaolin as the main product. The thermokinetical parameters (activation energy E a and pre-exponential factor A) for the kaolin conversion were calculated using model-free methods, i.e. the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunrose (KAS) and the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) method, and differential methods (Kissinger and Ozawa) additionally including iterative procedures for KAS and FWO methods (KAS-Ir; FWO-Ir). The cameroonian kaolin was heat-treated using three different heating rates, i.e. 5, 20 and 40 K min-1, leading to metakaolin samples named MK-(5), MK-(20) and MK-(40). The TGA analysis showed a total mass loss of ∼12.5% in two steps related to the dehydration (step 1) and dehydroxylation (step 2). The E a of the two steps were most accurately determined using the iterative procedures KAS-Ir and FWO-Ir. The average E a values were 88.44/88.58 kJ mol-1 for step 1 and 261.85/261.91 kJ mol-1 for step 2, for the KAS-Ir and FWO-Ir models, respectively. The most probable mechanism function was determined by the multiple heating rate method (MHR) and the Coats-Redfern method. The kinetic analyses showed that the dehydroxylation of kaolin is controlled by a random nucleation and subsequent growth mechanism (G4) and a second order chemical reaction (F2). Thermodynamic parameters, namely the entropy ΔS ≠, the enthalpy ΔH ≠ and Gibbs free energy ΔG ≠, were evaluated. The average values of ΔS ≠, ΔH ≠ and ΔG ≠ using both the KAS-Ir and FWO-Ir models exhibited less than 5% deviation. The obtained metakaolin samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).RSC advances32172-32187https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12415547biostudies-literatureElucidation of the thermo-kinetics of the thermal decomposition of cameroonian kaolin: mechanism, thermodynamic study and identification of its by-products.PMC12415547Fotsop CGScheffler FLieb AfalseElucidation of the thermo-kinetics of the thermal decomposition of cameroonian kaolin: mechanism, thermodynamic study and identification of its by-products.This work elucidates the thermo-kinetics of the thermal conversion of cameroonian kaolin to metakaolin as the main product. The thermokinetical parameters (activation energy E a and pre-exponential factor A) for the kaolin conversion were calculated using model-free methods, i.e. the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunrose (KAS) and the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) method, and differential methods (Kissinger and Ozawa) additionally including iterative procedures for KAS and FWO methods (KAS-Ir; FWO-Ir). The cameroonian kaolin was heat-treated using three different heating rates, i.e. 5, 20 and 40 K min-1, leading to metakaolin samples named MK-(5), MK-(20) and MK-(40). The TGA analysis showed a total mass loss of ∼12.5% in two steps related to the dehydration (step 1) and dehydroxylation (step 2). The E a of the two steps were most accurately determined using the iterative procedures KAS-Ir and FWO-Ir. The average E a values were 88.44/88.58 kJ mol-1 for step 1 and 261.85/261.91 kJ mol-1 for step 2, for the KAS-Ir and FWO-Ir models, respectively. The most probable mechanism function was determined by the multiple heating rate method (MHR) and the Coats-Redfern method. The kinetic analyses showed that the dehydroxylation of kaolin is controlled by a random nucleation and subsequent growth mechanism (G4) and a second order chemical reaction (F2). Thermodynamic parameters, namely the entropy ΔS ≠, the enthalpy ΔH ≠ and Gibbs free energy ΔG ≠, were evaluated. The average values of ΔS ≠, ΔH ≠ and ΔG ≠ using both the KAS-Ir and FWO-Ir models exhibited less than 5% deviation. The obtained metakaolin samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Sep2026-06-01T16:09:56.806Z2026-04-08T13:57:16.348ZS-EPMC124155474092747510.1039/d5ra05149e